SYLLABUS 


FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH 


LECTURES ON GOSPEL 
HISTORY 


BY 


WILLIAM P. ARMSTRONG 


Professor in Princeton Theological Seminary 


PRINTED NOT PUBLISHED 


The Princeton University Press 
Princeton, N. J. 
1908 





a) mama. | Sey. 
ae ἐπ 
ὯΝ 


y 
PRINCETON, N. J. 
Frown the library ot 


ee WS be Oe lene 


Division.- 


Section...“ 





at, Ce 


- Dh 
RAY OF PRIAGE 
Qa πα 


* NOV 111910 ‘) 
ΩΝ 


ταῦ 6 
OGiCAL SERRE” 
SYLLABUS IGAL SEX 






FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH 


Meer ON GOSPEL 
Ho ORY 


BY 


WILLIAM P. ARMSTRONG 


Professor in Princeton Theological Seminary 


PRINTED NOT PUBLISHED 





ως δ στ ie il a A Ew 








1 


1892-1900 


In memory of 
Georce Typout Purves nae? 
Professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis | 
in 
Princeton Theological Seminary 


PREFACE. 


This Syllabus has been prepared for the use of students in 
Princeton Theological Seminary. It contains an outline of lectures 
on Gospel History and selected passages from patristic writers and 
other sources that illustrate a type of literature or elucidate subjects 
discussed in the lectures. The “List of Books” on pages vi-viii 
contains some of the more important texts (in good and inexpensive 
editions) and general works in English (including smaller hand- 
books) which have value for the critical study of Gospel History. 
The Syllabus is intended as a supplement to the usual methods of 
instruction by lectures,—not as their substitute. Work on the 
Syllabus was begun in the late autumn of 1908 and the first pages 
were issued in December. Corrections or suggestions will be 
appreciated. Attention is called to “List of Errata” on page iv. 

Princeton, N. J., March 2, 1909. 


ili 


LIST OF ERRATA. 


Π.2.. δ τῷ Leases ΟΣ δὺς 

————,, 1. 7, “quae” for “quas”’. 

———_— |) 205) onmes> Ὁ Onines + 

p. 3,-§ Ia, 1. 4, “divitare” for “devitare”. 
, 1. 7, insert comma after “posuerunt”. 
, L.. 10, insert “est” after “quae”. 


p. 5, last line, “Literary” for “Historical”. 
p. 8, § 6, 1. 2, “passable” for “passible”. 
p. 9, ὃ 7, 1. 2, “imperante” for “imperitante”. 


, 1. 3, “supertitio” for “superstitio”. 
p. 10,1. 2, insert καὶ after δὲ, 
——,1.5, insert περὶ after μυρία. 
—, $11, 1.3, ἐνυαγγελιζομένων for εὐαγγελιζομένων. 
p. ΤΊ, ὃ 12, 1. 1 and 13, omit quotation marks. 
, 1. 10, κωλύσαι for κωλῦσαι. : 
, § 14,1. 9, “suppplementum” for “supplementum”. 
p. 12, par. 1); 15. 2. “Mk, ii. 4ft.” for “Mk. ἢ 146”: 
——,,§ 16,1. 1 and 3, insert quotation marks. 
, 1.2, dura for αὐτὰ. 
——,,§ 17,1. τ, insert [sc. εὐαγγελιστῶν τοῦ λόγου]. 
p5 13, par. ΠῚ 1 1 omit “29”. 
pitas Seren ἸῸΣ ΣΙ 
. 7, “coelecta” for “coélecta”. 
5, “succendente” for “succedente”’. 





Dros. 2}: 


I 
2, ἀιὼν for αἰὼν. 
. 8, ὑποστέψωσιν for ὑποστρέψωσιν. 
. 6, comma for period after “solus”. 
, “egregrium” for “egregium”. 
, last line, “Andrae” for “Andreae”. 
23, ὃ 27, 1. 2, iarpds for tarpos. 
last line, “Coisilianus” for “Coislinianus”. 
30, |. 6, ‘“Andrae” for “Andreae”. 
1. 5 from bottom, ΞΕ] for “[sc”. 
Bie ΤΟΙ ΤΟΣ ΤΟΣ» 
38, Roman Emperors, col. 2, 1. 6, “Antonius” for “Antoninus” 
30, 1. 4 from bottom, “Simon?” for “Simon(?)”. 
, 1. 3 from bottom, “Barkocha” for “Barkochba”. 
p. 40, 1. 4 from bottom, “sun-set” for “sunset”. 


Lo} is) 
bo Len 
Ν | © 
a) Sr 
tbo to 
φι δ 
a πὸ κτὸ 


ee ᾿Ξ 9). wie 
we 
Se 





TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Parr CermiceL INTRODUCTION <i. 0% 340 fio ema I-44 
aiheLiteratere ot Gospel ἘΠ ΤΟ Ν τ τ τύ τος ei I 
Methods, Principles and Problems of Gospel Criticism... 5 
Sources of Gospel History. Extent and Character..... 7 
External Evidence for the Four Gospels.............. 10 
REM Okan Del” Che Sab ΠΕ o:ce 18 Rate arte Se ve ed a [2 
ἀρ Το θα οι του ἐν τ oy ρος ἘΠ ΠῚ 17 
πεσε ρει κου Sic | 2 ee ee og ςς τ τ σεν 22 
Literary Criticism of Synoptic Gospels (Sources)...... 28 
voy! ἘΣ ΟΞ 0S ΚΟ 0171 Sage ae a ea Σά PE a PE aA 29 
EeIOONCONUIONG: oF Bik nein Sh cake a ee 38 
PCRS GOMOMIONS τ dices et in dee outa es aes 40 
JCAL (C125, gh OD Ren COR Seema TAR ΤΣ 40 

Peer els (Linth.Om PESUS. τος <2 ee eee oe 45-560 
ΠΕ Θ DUCE Eve PUERTO oe τ ihn, 5 a τ 45 
ΕΠΗΐς; MaTtStry Οἱ VENUS. >. τ ὰρτσΠ το 49-56 

Seater PWC NOT Y ez, tortie te fos lar iver Cusco ae Yahoo 49 
Lie pean: ASE Ty Vo ae sere tre ts «ace wana, Cini Bom apap x ot 50 
ie ΠΕ η WWanisti-y:: 220.24 τε tics < τς ον ας σε ἀρ 50 
ieee bereats ΜΠ σίους ok eM ree sb τ τσ σῶν 54 
Sr WNL Usale na ΝΠ Οὔτ oc.) <5 s.ca'e dts ack eo a sw Mee gee 55 


LIST ΘΒ BOOKS. 


GREEK NEW TESTAMENT, LEXICON AND GRAMMAR. 
Tischendorf, Novum Testamentum Graece. Editio viii. 
“Westcott and Hort, The New Testament in the Original Greek. 
Thayer, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. 
Winer, Grammar of New Testament Greek. 
Blass, Grammar of New Testament Greek. 
Moulton, J. H., Grammar of New Testament Greek. 
Burton, New Testament Moods and Tenses. 


PATRISTIC TEXTS AND JOSEPHUS. 
Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers. Edited by J. H. Harmer. 
Gebhardt, Harnack, Zahn, Patrum Apostolicorum Opera... Editio v. 
Schwartz, Eusebius Kirchengeschichte. Kleine Ausgabe. 
Niese, Flavii Josephi Opera. Editio minor. 
NEW TESTAMENT TIMES AND CHRONOLOGY. 
Schiirer, A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ. 5 vols. 
Stanton, The Jewish and the Christian Messiah. 
Riggs, 4 History of the Jewish People. 
Mathews, 4 History of New Testament Times in Palestine. 
~ Lewin, Fasti Sacrt. 
.. Ramsay, Was Christ Born in Bethlehem? 
GEOGRAPHY. 
Smith, The Historical Geography of the Holy Land. 
Jerusalem, 2 vols. 
Baedeker, Palestine and Syria. 
Sanday, Sacred Sites of the Gospels. 
Paton, Jerusalem in Bible Times. 





BIBLE DICTIONARIES. 
VDavis, A Dictionary of the Bible. 
VHastings, Dictionary of the Bible. 5 vols. 
Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels. 2 vols. 
Dictionary of the Bible. 
Encyclopedia Biblica. 4 vols. 
Jacobus, A Standard Bible Dictionary. 


COM MENTARIES. 


Alford, The Greek New Testament. 
Meyer, Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament. 
The Expositor’s Greek Testament. 








vi 


Allen, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel according to St. 
Matthew. International Critical Commentary. 

Swete, The Gospel according to St. Mark. 

Plummer, The Gospel according to St. Luke. International Critical Com- 
mentary. 

Westcott, The Gospel according to St. John. 2 vols. 


INTRODUCTIONS. 


Weiss, B., A Manual of Introduction to the New Testament. 2 vols. 
Salmon, A. Historical Introduction to the Study of the Books of the New 
~ Testament. 
‘Westcott, Introduction to the Study of the Gospels. 
«=Godet, Jntroduction to the New Testament. 
Jiilicher, An Introduction to the New Testament. 
Bacon, An Introduction to the New Testament. 
Robinson, The Study of the Gospels. 
Burton, A Short Introduction to the Gospels. 
Schmiedel, “Gospels”. Article in Encyclopedia Biblica. 
Chase, “The Gospels in the Light of Historical Criticism.” Essay x in 


peers ae Essays. Ed. Η. Β. Swete. 
od 


“Latun An 
HARMONIES AND “THE SY NOPTIC PROBLEM. 


Robinson, A Harmony of the Four Gospels in Greek. Ed. M. B. Riddle. 
Anger, Synopsis Evangeliorum Matthaei Marci Lucae. Editio ii. 
Tischendorf, Synopsis Evangelica. Editio vi. 
Huck, Synopse. FEditio iii. 

—Rushbrooke, Synopticon. 

= Wright, Synopsis of the Gospels in Greek. 

St. Luke’s Gospel in Greek. 

«Gloag, Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels. 

~Hawkins, Horae Synopticae. 
Burkitt, The Gospel History and its Transmission. 
Salmon, The Human Element in the Gospels. 

—Harnack, a Sana of Jesus. 





= st 


THE ΤΟΗ. ANNINE PROBLEM. 


« Lightfoot, Essays on Supernatural Religion. 
Biblical Essays. 
Abbot, Peabody and Lightfoot, The Fourth Gospel. 
Watkins, Modern Criticism Considered in its Relation to the Fourth Gospel. 
«Sanday, The Criticism of the Fourth Gospel. 
Gloag, Introduction to the Johannine Writings. 
~ Drummond, The Character and Authorship of the Fourth Gospel. 
~ Stanton, The Gospels as Historical Documents, Pot I 
Jackson, The Fourth Gospel. 
Scott, The Literature of the New Testament. The Fourth Gospel. 
Schmiedel, Johannine Writings. 
“John, Son of Zebedee”. Article in Encyclopedia Biblica. 








vii 


LIFE OF JESUS ( HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL). 


Strauss, The Life of Jesus. From the fourth German edition by George Eliot. 
Keim, TheeHistory of Jesus of Nazara. 6 vols. ; 
Edersheim, The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. 2 vols. 
Weiss, B., The Life of Christ, 3 vols. 
Andrews, The Life of our Lord. 
Holtzmann, O., The Life of Jesus. 
Gilbert, The Student's Life of Jesus. 
Rhees, The Life of Jesus of Nazareth. 
Sanday, Outlines of the Life of Christ. 
The Life of Christ in Recent Research. 
~Smith, D., The Days of His Flesh. 
Schmidt, The Prophet of Nazareth, 
Warfield, The Lord of Glory. 
Garvie, Studies in the Inner Life of Jesus. 
Robertson, Epochs in the Life of Jesus. 





THE BIRTH OF JESUS. 


~ Gore, The Incarnation of the Son of God. 

Dissertations on Subjects connected with the Incarnation. 

~ Orr, The Virgin Birth of Christ. 

-Usener, “Nativity”. Article in Encyclopedia Biblica. 

~Schmiedel, “Mary”. Article in Encyclopedia Biblica. 
Box, “Virgin Birth’. Article in Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels. 
Knowling, “Birth of Christ”. Article in Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels. 

~Machen, “The New Testament Account of the Birth of Jesus”. Articles in 

The Princeton Theological Review, 1905-1906. 





THE TEACHING OF JESUS, 

Weiss, B., Biblical Theology of the New Testament. 2 vols. 
-Wendt, The Teaching of Jesus. 2 vols. 

-Stevens, The Theology of the New. Testament. 

Vos, The Kingdom of God and the Church. 

Crane, The Holy Spirit. 

Gilbert, The Revelation of Jesus. 
“Trench, Notes on the Parables. 

‘Bruce, The Parabolic Teaching of Christ. 


THE RESURRECTION OF JESUS. 
Milligan, The Resurrection of Our Lord. 
«eLake, The Resurrection of Jesus Christ. 
Orr, The Resurrection of Jesus. 
Schmiedel, “Resurrection and Ascension Narratives”. Article in Encyclo- 
pedia Biblica. 
Simpson, “Resurrection of Christ”. Article in Dictionary of Christ and the 
Gospels. 


viii 


ΞΕ ΒΕ HISTORY 
PART I. 
CRITICAL INTRODUCTION. 


Gospel History treats of the life and teaching of Jesus in their 
historical relations. Primary sources are the Four Canonical Gos- 
pels. Secondary sources are the Epistles of the NT Acts Apoc and 
early Christian and non-Christian writers, both Gentile and Jewish. 

Gospel Criticism treats of the primary sources of Gospel His- 
tory. It is Textual (Lower), and Literary and Historical (Higher). 
The ultimate problem of Gospel Criticism is historical value or 
trustworthiness. The subjective element in the solution of this 
problem arises out of the relation of the concrete to the universal. 
Philosophy of history is grounded in ultimate theory of truth. 
Significance of historical evidence. Contribution of Exegesis. 


t SHE LITERATURE OF GOSPEL: HISTORY 


τ -PATRISTIC. 


Characteristics :—Doctrinal, harmonistic, and poetical. 


1) DocTRINAL. 

(te) Apostolic Fathers (95-150) :—Dependence on the Gospel Tra- 
dition. 

(2) Apologists (150-180) :—Speculative tendency ; argument from 
prophecy. 

(3) Christological Controversies and Councils (3-5C) :—Doctrinal. © 


2) HARMONISTIC,, sie a al 
(1) Text. Tatian (c.170); Ammonius (3C); Eusebius (4C). 
(2) Commentary. Chrysostom (40) ; Augustine (40). 


3) POETICAL. 
(1) Epic. Juvencus (4C). 
(2) Paraphrase. Nonnus (50). 


to 


CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


2. MEDIAVAL. 


Characteristics :—Devotional, imaginative, apocryphal sources, as- 
cetic, scholastic, poetical. 


1): POETICAL: 

(1) Epic. Heland (9C); Otfrid, Gospel-Book (gC); Caedmon, 
Paraphrase (7C) ; Cynewulf, Christ (8C). 

(2) Dramatic. Χριστὸς, Πάσχων (c 12C); Passion and Easter 
Plays in West. ͵ 

(3) Hymns. Bernard of Clairveaux (12C); Thomas a Celano 
(13C) ; Bonaventura (13C) ; Thomas Aquinas (13C) ; Jacop- 
onius da Todi (13C). 


2) HtstoricAL AND DEVOTIONAL. 
Bonaventura, Meditationes Vitae Jesu Christi (13C pubd 1480) ; 
Ludolphus de Saxonia, Vita Jesu Christi (14C pubd 1474); Simon 
de Cassia, De Gestis Domini (14C 2 ed 1517) ;Thomas a Kempis, 
De Imitatione Christi (15C); H. Xavier, Historia Christi (1602 
pubd in Latin by L. de Dieu 1639). 


e 

δι. Ludolphus de Saxonia, Vita Jesu Christi, Proemium xi:—“Nune in 
ipsas meditationes §e aliqualiter introducere tentabo, non omnia quae in evan- 
gelio scripta sunt pertractando, sed quaedam devotiora ex his eligendo. nec 
credas quod omnia, quae Christum dixisse vel fecisse meditari possumus, 
scripta sunt, sed ad majorem impressionem ea tibi sic narrabo prout 
contigerunt, vel contigisse pie credi possunt, secundum quasdam imaginativas 
representationes, quaé animus diversimode percipit. Nam circa divinam 
Seripturam . meditari, intelligere, et exponere, multifarie possumus, prout 
credimus expedire, dummodo non sit contra veritatem vitae, vel justitiae, aut 
doctrinae, id est, non sit contra fidem, vel bonos mores. . . . Cum ergo me 
narrantem invenies: ita dixit vel fecit Dominus Jesus, seu alii qui intredu- 
cuntur; si id per Scripturam probari non possit, non aliter accipias quam 
devota meditatio exigit, hoc est, perinde accipe ac si dicerem: meditor quod 
ita dixerit vel fecerit bonus Jesus; et sic de similibus.” [This passage agrees 
almost verbatim with the Proemium of Bonaventura’s Meditationes. | 

ii. 57. 4. Quicumque connumeratur militiae alicujus regis, debet portare 
insignia ejus; insignia Christi sunt insignia caritatis; quicumque ergo vult 
annumerari militiae Christi, debet caritatis charactere insigniri. Tamquam 
diceret, secundum Augustinum: “ dilectio sola discernit inter filios Dei et 
filios diaboli. Signent se onmes signo crucis Christi, respondeant omnes, 
amen, cantent omnes alleluia, baptizentur omnes, intrent ecclesias, faciant 
parietes basilicarum: non discernuntur filii Dei a filiis diaboli nisi caritate. 
Quidquid vis habe, hoc solum si non habeas, nihil tibi prodest; alia si non 
habeas, hoc habe, et implevisti Legem,” 


LITERATURE 3 


§$1a. Simon de Cassia, De Gestis Domini. Praef:—‘Multi multa locuti 
sunt in Evangelio, aliqui in uno sensu, aliqui plus in alio, aliqui in utroque. 
Ego novissime vigilans simplicitati Evangelice studui in modo tractandi 
d®itare antiquos, qui tantum unius Evangelistarum scriptionem’ disserere 
curaverunt, sicut fuit eis in placito: ἃ modernos, qui Evangelistarum 
inscriptionem ad declarandum pro libito assumentes dimiserunt, & in quzes- 
tionibus veritatem, & puritatem Evangelicam posuerunt, ut seepe videatur ab 
illa simplici Evangelii intelligentia fuisse recessus. Ego autem quasi novissime 
adveniens, Apostolicum dictum veritus, ne sicut serpens seduxit Evam astutia 
sua, ita ne corrumpantur sensus nostri a simplicitate, que in Christo Jesu: 
disposui juxta simpliciorem atque minoribus utiliorem intelligentiam totum 
corpus Evangelicum declarare.” 

§$1b. H. Xavier. Historia Christi. Monitio & directorium Translatoris 
pro Lectoribus:—Charissimi ac dilectissimi mei, Hane Historiam Christi P. 
Hieronymus Xavier pure non scripsit, quia terminos librorum Euangelii 
egressus, multa peregrina addidit, que aut incerta sunt, aut falsa sunt, aut 
glorie Dei ἃ integritati Sancte Doctrine Euangelice adversantur. imo ipsas 
illas res, quas ex libris 5. Euangelii protulit, adeo contaminavit, ut puritatem, 
ἃ efficaciam, ἃ perfectionem suam amiserint. Quapropter in summitate 
cujusq; paginae hanc historiam contaminatam vocavimus, ne quisquam 
seduceretur. itaq; Lectores diligenter discernere oportet, quaenam ex his 
recepturi sint, nempe, quicquid cum libris S. Euangelii convenit. Hujus 
memores estote, & Deum custodem habete.” 

Praef:—‘“‘Latere non debet, hune librum in 4 partes esse dispositum. In 
parte prima a tempore nativitatis Majestatis Iesu usq; ad principium docendi, 
status ejus manifestatur. in parte secunda, stupenda & mirabilia ejus, que 
fecit, & pars eorum quz docuit. In parte tertia mors, ἃ perpessiones ἃ 
molestie, quas pro salute hominum ἃ tranquillitate ipsorum passus est. In 
parte quarta modus resurrectionis ejus ex sepulchro, & profectio ejus supra 
ceelos. Non scripsi quicquid potuissem scribere: sed ad cognoscendum, ἃ 
notificandum Regi, Sanctissimus ille quis sit, hic modus mihi sufficiens visus 
est: sicut elephantem ex vestigio pedum ejus cognoscent, & leonem ex 
planta.” 


3. MODERN. 


Characteristics :—Philosophic principles, scientific method, increase 
of historical materials. 


1) HARMONISTIC. 

(1) Text. Osiander, 1537; Codoman, 1568; Chemnitz-Leyser-Ger- 
hard, 1593-1704; Clericus, 1699; Toinard, 1707; etc. repre- 
sented in Synopsis or Harmony of Robinson, Tischendorf, 
Huck. 

(2) Commentary. Calvin, Com. in Ioan., 1553, Com. in Har. Matt. 
Me. et Le., 1555; Lightfoot, Harmonia, 1654; etc. represented 
in Synoptic commentaries of Bleek, Holtzmann. 


-. ὃ - 
>“ - 


4 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


2) ) FALISTORICAT: 
(1) Naturalistic. 

a), Deistic (immoral naturalism). Woolsten (4 1731); 
Chubb (d 1747); Ecce Homo, 1797; Voltaire, 1767; Reimarus 
(d 1768), anon. author of Wolfenbiittel Fragments edited by Les- 
sing, 1774, 1777, 1778. 

b) Romantic (Essene naturalism). Bahrdt, 1782; Ventu- 
rini, 1800-1802. 

c) Rationalistic (moral naturalism). Paulus, 1824. 

(2) Intermediate. 

Kant, 1793 (Moral interpretation) ; Schliermacher, 1819 (dia- 

lectic via media between Ebionism and Docetism; pantheizing 


emotionalism) ; Hase, 1829 (1876) (two periods in Jesus’ develop- 
ment). 


(3)2. Crieal, 

a) Mythical (unconscious fiction). Strauss, Leben Jesu, 1835. 
Principles, naturalistic (Hegelian). Uniformity of natural law. 
Relation of God to the world—acts on the whole immediately but on 
each part only by means of action on every part. Supernatural 
elements in Gospels unhistorical on principle. Gospels literary 
facts. Mythical theory offers explanation of unhistorical elements 
in Gospels, and constitutes principle of separation. Myth is repre- | 
sentation of an event or idea in historical form, creation of a fact 
out of an idea; legend is seeing an idea in a fact. Gospels contain 
both. Myths grew without wilful fraud. Part played by tradition 
(legend) and by creative activity of an individual—still. myths if 
this activity embodies a common faith vs Baur’s theory of tendency 
(conscious fiction). Relation of myth to allegory. Kinds of 
myths—philosophical, historical, poetical. Mythology as history of 
Gods. Evangelical myth—a narrative relating directly or indirectly 
to Jesus which may be considered not as the expression of a fact but 
as the product of an idea of earliest followers of Jesus—may be 
pure, constituting the substance of the narrative, or only accidental 
adjunct of actual history. Pure myths have two sources—a) Mes- 
sianic ideas and b) impression of Jesus. _Historical myths have 
basis in fact but fact distorted by idea of Jesus having origin in 
religious enthusiasm. Both forms product of an idea but when 
tradition plays important part called legend. Criteria for distin- 
guishing unhistorical elements in Gospels whether myth or legend— 


LITERATURE 5 


1) negative, a) contravention of known or universal laws (natural 
uniformity, succession i. e. orderly development, psychology 1. e. 
memory) ; b) lack of consistency or contradiction of other accounts. 
2) positive, a) poetical form; b) agreement with preconceived 
ideas. Boundary line between historical and unhistorical. Method— . 
dialectic of Rationalism and Supernaturalism issuing in mythical 
theory. Result—historical person and Messianic consciousness but 
few facts concerning life and teaching of Jesus. Dogmatic import— 
life of Jesus embodies an eternal idea; the idea of the God-man, but 
realized in humanity and not in an individual. 

b) Liberal. F. Ὁ: Batfr and Ttibingen school. Hegelian. 
Principle—tendency (conscious fiction) arising out of antitheses of 
Apostolic History. Elimination of Fourth Gospel. Literary Crit- 
icism—priority of Mk. Koppe, Storr, Wilke, Weisse, Holtzmann, 
Weizsicker. Messianic consciousness—development in two periods 
under different ideas. Jesus a teacher. H. Holtzmann, Keim, Weiz- 
sicker, Pfleiderer, O. Holtzmann, P. W. Schmiedel, Jtlicher ( Ritsch- 
lian,) Bousset, Wernle (Religio-Historical), Renan, Réville, Stapfer 
(French eclectic). &¢ 

c) Radical. a) Denial of Jesus’ existence. Bruno Bauer 
(entire portraiture, of Jesus in Gospels literary creation of original 
evangelist), Dutch School, ‘Kalthoff (sociological), J. M. Robertson 
(sacramental-dramatic), W. B. Smith (pre-Christian cult). b) De- 
nial of Messianic consciousness. Wrede (Messiah-secret), N. 
Schmidt (Son of Man). 

Ha) Οὐ) Consistent Eschatology. J. Weiss; A. Schweitzer (Jesus’ 
Messianic consciousness controlled by Jewish apocalyptic, eschato- 
logical ideas). 

e) Moderate and Conservative. Fourth Gospel historical. 
Messianic consciousness—non-political, ethico-spiritual, sacrificial, 
eschatological, consistent unitary es Christology. B. 
Weiss, Andrews, etc. 


II. METHODS, PRINCIPLES, AND PROBLEMS OF 
GOSPEESCRITICISM; 
Results of Lower Criticism presupposed in critical text. 


Methods of Higher Criticism:—1. Literary (sources). 2. His- 
torical (value or trustworthiness). Principles of Literary, Crit- 
. 


6 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION ι 


icism:—I. Theoretical 





philosophy of history grounded in theory 
of truth. 2. Evidential—external and internal. If theoretical prin- 
ciple be naturalistic, two possible views of historical trustworthiness 
of Gospels—partial or negative; if supernatural ( possibility of 
miracle), three—positive, partial, or negative. Decision must be 
made by union of theoretical with eyidential principle. 

Problem of Origin :—The positive view permits factual basis; 
partial and negative views must explain origin of unhistorical (ideal) 
element in Gospels; partial view must separate unhistorical from 
historical. According to the partial view, Gospels contain ideal 
history, 1. e. history influenced by some idea. The problems of this 
view are—the identification and origin of the ideal element (Weiz- 
sacker), or the identification of the historical element. and the 
origin of the unhistorical (ideal) element (Schmiedel). Weiz- 
sacker identifies ideal element by theory of creative activity of 
Jerusalem Church affecting sources (Logia and Mk. ) of Synoptic 
Gospels. Source of this influence is faith and experience of Jeru- 
salem Church before 70 A. D. Schmiedel identifies the historical 
element by principle of contradiction. Source of the ideal element 
is faith (worship) of the early disciples. When the ideal element 
is increased until the historical approaches the vanishing point, the 
partial view passes over into the negative. : 





The positive view. rests on supernatural principle combined 
with historical evidence... Origin of the substance of the Gospels 
in the factual basis of Gospel tradition ;,origin of form in the literary 
purpose of the evangelists. The partial and negative views afford 
no adequate explanation of the origin of Christianity and the Gos- 
pels; and the partial view gives no sufficient account either of the 
origin or of the identification of the ideal element in the Gospels. 
The positive view is commended by the consistency of the Gospel 
witness with the whole Apostolic testimony to Jesus and by the 
difference of the two in form. 

Alternatives of the different views are:—1) theoretical— 
naturalism vs supernaturalism. 2) ideal element in Gospels— 
unhistorical vs historical, a) the Synoptic Gospels vs the Four 
Gospels, b) unhistorical elements in’ Synoptic Gospels vs historicity 
of Synoptic tradition. 3) Messianic consciousness of Jesus, a) ideal 
vs historical, b) political or eschatological vs ethico-spiritual, c) 
dual or abnormal vs unitary development. 4) ultimate nature of 


SOURCES 


N 


Jesus’ person—human vs theanthropic. 5) character of Jesus’ 
work—teaching vs saving. 


τῆς SOURCES OF ‘GOSPEL HISTORY. EXTENT. AND 
CHARACTER. 


1) GOSPELS. 


(1) Four canonical Gospels. 
(2) Apocryphal—Generally legendary elaborations of the parent- 

age and infancy or of the passion of Jesus (2-4C). 

a) Gospel according to the Hebrews. Euseb. HE. 111. 25, 5; 
iil. 27) & Clem. Alex, Strom. it. Ὁ; Origen, im Toan. ii. 6; in Jer. XV. 
a : Papas in Peet HE. πὶ ΤΕ eo in poe HE. 
iv. 22, 8. Beier aonainy a complete Gospel, similar in length 
to Matt; docetic-Ebionite tendency ; used among Jewish Christians. 
Time 2C; Harnack, first third of 2C; Zahn, 135-150. 

82. Hier. Pelag. 111. 2:—‘Ecce mater Domini et fratres eius dicebant οἱ: 

‘Toannes baptista baptizat in remissionem peccatorum. eamus et baptizemur 
ab eo.’ Dixit autem eis: ‘quid peccavi, ut vadam et baptizer ab eo? nisi forte 


hoc ipsum, quod dixi, ignorantia est.’ 
δα: -Hier. Jsa.. x1. 2: 





factum est autem, quum ascendisset Dominus de 
aqua, descendit fons omnis spiritus sancti et requievit super eum, et dixit 
illi: ‘fli mi, in omnibus prcophetis expectabam te, ut venires et requiescerem 
in te. Tu es enim requies mea, tu es filius meus primogenitus, qui regnas in 
sempiternum.’ 

$4. Origen, Joan. 11. 6:—"Apti ἔλαβέ pe ἡ μήτηρ μου τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα ἐν 
μιᾷ τῶν τριχῶν μου; καὶ ἀπήνεγκέ με εἰς τὸ ὄρος τὸ μέγα Θαβώρ. 

§5. Hier. VJ. ii:—‘Dominus autem cum dedisset sindonem servo sacer- 
dotis, ivit ad Iacobum et apparuit ei,’ (iuraverat enim Iacobus se non com- 
esurum panem ab illa hora qua biberat calicem Domini, donee videret eum 
resurgentem a dormientibus) rursusque post paululum, ‘Adferte, ait Dominus, 
mensam et panem,’ statimque additur: ‘Tulit panem et benedixit et fregit et 
dedit Iacobo Iusto et dixit ei: ‘Frater mi, comede panem tuum, quia resur- 
rexit Filius hominis a dormientibus.’ 


b) Gospel of Peter. ight HE ΤΙΣ ΩΣ 2s alle 25.0. ue 
Matt. x. 17. Serapion (ὃ hon: in Euseb. HE, vi. 12. Hier. VI. 
Fragment of passion narrative Ἴ 60 verses, incomplete at seeigans 
and end) discovered at Akmim 1886- -7, pubd by Bouriant 1802. 
Petrine authorship claimed in title and text (v. 59. ἡμεῖς δὲ οἱ 





δώδεκα μαθηταὶ... v. 60 ἐγὼ δὲ Σίμων Πέτρος) ; shows dependence 
μαθη γ μ f 


8 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


on Syn. Gospels, probably on John, possibly on a harmony. Time— 
2C, Harnack 110-130, Zahn ὃ 150, Swete 150-170. Character— 
antijudaic, docetic tendency. 


$6. Herod responsible for Jesus’ death (v. 1ff.). On cross Jesus im- 
passable v. 10. αὐτὸς δὲ ἐσιώπα ws μηδὲν πόνον ἔχων. He cries from the cross ν. 19. 
ἡ δύναμίς pov, 7 δύναμίς μου κατέλειψάς pe, καὶ εἰπὼν ἀνελήφθη 
At the resurrection His body assumes supernatural proportions and the 
cross is personified. v. 30. ὁρῶσιν 80. οἱ στρατιῶται] ἐξελθόντας ἀπὸ τοῦ 

΄ A 4 \ \ , \ “ ε A . 4 3 
τάφου τρεις ἄνδρας, και τους δύο TOV eva ὑπγορθοῦντας και σταυρὸν ἀκολου- 

An 2 a Ν n Ν , Ν ν a ΄ “ 
θοῦντα αὐτοῖς, ν. 40. καὶ τῶν μὲν δύο τὴν κεφαλὴν χωροῦσαν μέχρι τοῦ 
οὐρανοῦ, τοῦ δὲ χειραγωγουμένου ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν ὑπερβαίνουσαν τοὺς οὐρανούς, V 41. 
καὶ φωνῆς ἤκουον ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λεγούσης - ἐκήρυξας τοῖς κοιμωμένοις ; V. 42. 


Ai τῷ ΝΎ gt ΄ ν na lal “ ΄ 
και UT AKO) 1)KOVETO ἀπὸ του σταῦρου, OTL ναι. 





2) AGRAPHA—Extracanonical sayings of Jesus (cf. Resch, 


Ropes). 


3) Eprsrorary LiTERATURE oF NT., Acts AND APOC. 
Value—early, historical presuppositions, incidental historical refer- 
ences, differences in form. Witness to facts of Jesus’ life and to 
His teaching, to representation of His person (Messianic and 
divine), and to character of His work (Messianic and redemptive). 

James—echoes the teaching of Jesus especially in its Synoptic 
form (1. 2, v. 1o-11—Matt. v. 11-12; 1. 5—Matt vii. 7-8. Lk. xi. 9-10; 
1, 1I—Matt. xiii. 6; 1.,12—Matt. x. 25: 1. 17-—Matt. vy. 16, ya 
i. 18-19, 21, 25—Lk. viii. ὃ, ΤΙ, 13, 15, 18; 1. 20—Matt. vi. 33; 1. 22— 
Matt. vii. 24, Lk. viii. 21, xi. 28; 11. 5—Matt. v. 3, Lk. vi. 20; 11. 6— 
Lk. vi. 24; ii. 1o—Matt. v. 19; ii. 8*10, 19 —Matt. xxii. 36, Mk. xii. 
28-31; iv. 4, 8—Matt. vi. 22, Lk. xvi. 13; iv. 11-12—Matt. vii. 1, 
Lk. vi. 37; iv. 13-14—Matt. vi. 34, Lk. xii. 16-21; v. 12—Matt. v. 
34-37; v. 14--Mk. vi. 13, 16, 18, Lk. x. 34; v. 17—Lk. iv. 25. (For 
list of parallels in détail cf Mayor, The Epistle of St. James, 
Ixxxiiff. i τῇ 

The Pauline Epistles—Jesus of seed of David, Rom. iv. 6; 
2 Tim. ii. 8; born of a woman under the law, Gal. iv. 4; James 
brother of the ‘Lord, 1 Cor. xv. 7; Gal. 1. 19; 1. 9,12; brethren or 
the Lord, 1 Cor. ix. 5; the twelve Apostles, 1 Cor, xv. 55 Gepnas 
(Peter; Gal. 11: 7} 2 Gor. 1. 123 1: 2234x755 eva Gal ie ore 
John, Gal. ii. 9; Jesus minister of circumcision, Rom. xv. 8; teaching 
of Jesus, 1 Thess. iv: 153 5 Cor. vil: το; ΤΣ 14201 ἀπ ΠῚ ἡ τῷ: ΡΟ τ: 
Supper, 1 Cor. xi. 23ff.; Jesus before Pontius Pilate, 1 Tim. vi. 13; 





SOURCES 9 


suffered on cross, I Cor. i. 22; 11. 2, 8; Gal. iii. 1; was buried, 1 Cor. 
xv. 4 (Rom. vi. 4; Col. ii. 12) ; rose on the third day, 1 Cor. xv. 4 
(Rom. iv. 24f.; vi. 4, 9; viii. 11; x. 9; 1 Cor. vi. 14; xv. 12ff.; 2 Cor. 
iv; 04 sve de Galt. 2; Eph: t 20}Col, it. 125-1. Thess. 1. τὸ 2. ΤΠ im, 
ii. 8) ; appeared to disciples and others, 1 Cor. xv. 5ff.; exalted in 
glory, Phil. 11. 9; Rom. viii. 34; Person of Jesus, Gal. iv. 4ff.; Phil. 
ii. Off.; Col. i. 15ff.; Eph. ii. 20; Work of Jesus (sacrificial), Gal. 
mi. ite; vi. ΤΠ Rom δὲ vi 371 Cor. Τό Col: 1; 203" Eph.-1, 
Ten FR. 

Acts—close connection with Third Gospel; undogmatic char- 
acter of early speeches; emphasis on resurrection and exaltation of 
Jesus the Messiah and spiritual character of His work, its relation 
to the forgiveness of sins. Hebrews—temptation, 11. 18; iv. 15; 
obedience, v. 8; Gethsemane, v. 7; crucifixion outside the gate, xiii. 
(2; Person of Jesus, Heavenly Highpriest; Work of Jesus, sacrificial. 
2 Peter—transfiguration, 1. 17. 


4) AposToLtic FATHERS AND LATER CHRISTIAN WRITERS. De- 
pendence on the Gospel tradition with increasingly explicit recogni- 
tion of the authority as well as trustworthiness of the Four Canon- 
ical Gospels. 


5) Non-CuristiAN WRITERS. 
(1) GentTiIrtE—Explanation of silence. 


$7. Tacitus, Annals,(c 114-117) xv. 44:—“Auctor nominis eius Christus 
Tiberio imperante per procuratorem Pontium Pilatum supplicio adfectus erat; 
repressaque in praesens exitiabilis supertitio rursum erumpebat, non modo 
per Iudaeam, originem eius mali, sed per urbem etiam, quo cuncta undique 
atrocia aut pudenda confluunt celebranturque.” 

§8. Suetonius, Vita Caes. (c 120), Claud. xxv:—‘Iudaeos impulsore 
Chresto assidue tumultuantes Roma expulit.”. Nero, xvi:—“afflicti suppliciis 
Christiani, genus hominum superstitionis novae ac maleficae.” 

Pliny, Epistulae (c 112) xevi; Celsus (c 180) in Origen; Lucian, Pert- 
grinus Proteus (ς 170). 





(2) JEWISH. 

Philo (1C), Vita Contemp. (Therapeutae) ; Josephus, Ant. 
(93-94), xviii. 3, 3; xx. 9, 1; Talmud (2-4C). Testament of XII 
Patriarchs (Christian rec. 20). Sibylline Oracles (Christian rec. 
oC); 

§9. Joseph. Ant. xviii. 3, 3 :-- Τίνεται δὲ κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον Ἰησοῦς 


σοφὸς ἀνήρ, εἴγε ἄνδρα αὐτὸν λέγειν χρή" ἦν γὰρ παραδόξων ἔργων ποιητής, 


10 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


διδάσκαλος ἀνθρώπων τῶν ἡδονῇ τἀληθῆ δεχομένων, καὶ πολλοὺς μὲν ᾿Ιουδαίους, 


« 


κε A 
πολλοὺς δὲ τοῦ “EAAnviKod ἐπηγάγετο - ὁ Χριστὸς οὗτος ἦν. καὶ αὐτὸν ἐνδείξει 
Lal ’ ἴων ᾿] n “ 
τῶν πρώτων ἀνδρῶν παρ᾽ ἡμῖν σταυρῷ ἐπιτετιμηκότος Πιλάτου οὐκ ἐπαύσαντο 
c Ν cal > , > ’ ‘\ > A 4 " ε “ , cal 
ol TO πρῶτον ἀγαπήσαντες - ἐφάνη yap αὐτοῖς τρίτην ἔχων ἡμέραν πάλιν ζῶν 
lal 6 / lal est FA Ν ἀλλ o 3 a 0 δ “5 / 3 
τῶν θείων προφητῶν ταῦτά τε καὶ ἄλλα μυρία αὐτοῦ θαυμάσια εἰρηκότων. εἰς 
ΝΜ cal -“ lal 3 SN ~ 5 / 3 > / Ν aA 
ἔτι τε νῦν TOV Χριστιανῶν ἀπὸ τοῦδε ὠνομασμένον οὐκ ἐπέλιπε TO φῦλον. 
᾿ é, shy > a \ ᾿ 
δτο, Ant. xx. 9. 1:—dre δὴ οὖν τοιοῦτος ὧν ὁ ΓΑνανος, νομίσας ἔχειν καιρὸν 
ἐπιτήδειον διὰ τὸ τεθνάναι μὲν Φῆστον, ᾿Αλβῖνον δ᾽ ἔτι κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ὑπάρχειν, 
΄ “ὃ a Ν Ν > Ce Ν > Ν b] a cal 
καθίζει συνέδριον κριτῶν καὶ παραγαγὼν εἰς αὐτὸ τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἰησοῦ τοῦ 
λεγομένου Χριστοῦ, ᾿Ιάκωβος ὄνομα αὐτῷ, καί τινας ἑτέ i Ἵ 
εἐγομένου Xp , Ἰάκωβος ὄνομα αὐτῷ, κ ς ἑτέρους, ὡς παρανομησάντων 


κατηγορίαν ποιησάμενος παρέδωκε λευσθησομένους. 


iV. EXTERNAL EVIDENCE FOR THE FOUR GOSPERS: 


TABLE OF EARLY PATRISTIC LITERATURE. 


1 Clement. Rome, 95-97. 2 Clement (Pseudo). Italy? c¢ 160. 
Barnabas (Pseudo). Egypt. c 100-130. Muratori Canon. Italy? ς 170-200. 
Hermas. Italy. c 100 or 145. Letter of Lyons and Vienne. 177. 
Ignatius. Antioch. ς 110-117. Athenagoras. Greece? c 180. 
Polycarp. Smyrna. c 115. Theophilus. Antioch. ς 180. 
Martrydom of Polycarp. ¢ 155+. Irenaeus. Lyons. c 185. 

Didache. East. ς 100-130. Tertullian. Carthage. c 200. 
Papias. Hierapolis. c 125-140. Clement. Alexandria. c 200. 
Seniores of Iren. Asia Minor. c 125.  Hippolytus. Rome. c 200-240. 
Aristides. Greece? c 140. Origen. Alexandria. c 203-250. 
Justin, Rome. Ὁ 150. Dionysius. Alexandria. ς 230-265. 


Eusebius. Caesarea. ς 325. 


Method—relation of external and internal evidence. 1. Early 
MSS. and Versions—tradition of 2C or earlier. 2. Irenaeus. Haer. 
iif. 1,01; εἴτ 7-8: 3. Tertullian; Worc. 1. 2. “a. Clemenior 
Alexandria, Hyp. in Euseb. HE. vi. 14; Strom. iii. 13, 93. 5. Origen, 
Matt. in Euseb. HE. vi. 25. 3, and in c. Cels. (2C). 6. Murator 
Canon. 7. Tatian, Diatessaron. 8. Justin A pol. i. 66-67; Dial. τοῦ. 


q.Roper one DO Ξ ε Ν Ν ie 
811. Iren. Haer. 111. ὶ 1 (in Euseb. HE. ν. 8, 2-4) :—“ ὃ μὲν δὴ Ματθαῖος 


ἐν τοῖς EBpatos τῇ ἰδίᾳ αὐτῶν διαλέκτῳ καὶ γραφὴν ἐξήνεγκεν εὐαγγελίου, τοῦ 
“ ε ‘ 
Πέτρου καὶ τοῦ ἸΠάυλου ἐν Ῥώμῃ ἐυαγγελιζομένων καὶ θεμελιούντων τὴν 
9 , ᾿ nN \ ΄ " ΄, ε \ ν Ye N 
ἐκκλησίαν: μετὰ δὲ τὴν τούτων ἔξοδον Μάρκος, 6 μαθητὴς Kat ἑρμηνευτὴς 
Πέ i αὐτὸς τὰ ὑπὸ Πέτρου κ ὄμενα ἐγγράφως ἡμῖ δέδ δ 
έτρου, καὶ αὐτὸς τὰ ὑπὸ Iletp ηρυσσόμενα ἐγγράφως ἡμῖν παραδέδωκεν 
a Ν Υ [4 
καὶ Λουκᾶς δέ, ὃ ἀκόλουθος ἸΤαύλου, τὸ ὑπ᾽ ἐκείνου κηρυσσόμενον εὐαγγέλιον ἐν 
΄ 6 ” Ἵ , ε 6 ‘ a , ε Ny 39. ΟΝ \ no 
βίβλῳ κατέθετο. ἔπειτα ᾿Ιωάννης, ὃ μαθητὴς τοῦ κυρίου, ὃ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ στῆθος 
a Ν fol 
αὐτοῦ ἀναπεσών, καὶ αὐτὸς ἐξέδωκεν τὸ εὐαγγέλιον, ἐν ᾿Πφέσω τῆς ᾿Ασίας 


διατρίβων. " 


THE FOUR GOSPELS Il 


§12. Clem. of Alex. Hyp. (in Euseb. HE. vi. 14, 5-7) :- αὖθις δ᾽ ἐν τοῖς 
> a , - - 
αὐτοῖς ὁ Κλήμης βιβλίοις [80. ἐν ταῖς Ὑποτυπώσεσιν) περὶ τῆς τάξεως τὼν 
’ ΄ ΄“- , ᾿ Cal 
εὐαγγελίων παράδοσιν τῶν ἀνέκαθεν πρεσβυτέρων τέθειται, τοῦτον ἔχουσαν τὸν 
’ ΄ ΜΝ ΄“- » " , Ν , ‘4 , 
τρόπον. προγεγράφθαι ἔλεγεν τῶν εὐαγγελίων τὰ περιέχοντα τὰς γενεαλογίας, 
τὸ δὲ κατὰ Μάρκον ταύτην ἐσχηκέναι τὴν οἰκονομί d Πέ ὃ (a ἐ 
ρ i χηκέναι τὴν οἰκονομίαν. τοῦ Llérpov δημοσίᾳ ἐν 
ΕΝ ’ sEav Ν x ° ‘ ᾿ 4 ‘ > aN ἐξ , ᾿ , 
ὦμῃ κηρύξαντος τὸν λόγον καὶ πνεύματι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον ἐξειπόντος, τοὺς παρόν- 
- 
τας, πολλοὺς ὄντας, παρακαλέσαι τὸν Μάρκον, ὡς ἂν ἀκολουθήσαντα αὐτῷ 
, ΄“ ΄ 
πόρρωθεν καὶ μεμνημένον τῶν λεχθέντων, ἀναγράψαι τὰ εἰρημένα - ποιήσαντα 
, ΟΥ̓ “ “ A , 
δέ, TO εὐαγγέλιον μεταδοῦναι τοῖς δεομένοις αὐτοῦ - ὅπερ ἐπιγνόντα τὸν Πέτρον 
προτρεπτικῶς [Schw. πνευματικῶς] μήτε κωλύσαι μήτε προτρέψασθαι. τὸν 
, ΄ A 
μέντοι ᾿Ιωάννην ἔσχατον, συνιδόντα ὅτι τὰ σωματικὰ ἐν τοῖς εὐαγγελίοις 
’ - 
δεδήλωται, προτραπέντα ὑπὸ τῶν γνωρίμων, πνεύματι θεοφορηθέντα πνευματικὸν 
ποιῆσαι εὐαγγέλιον." 
δ 13. Origen, Matt. (in Euseb. HE. vi. 25, 3-6) :—év δὲ τῷ πρώτῳ τῶν εἰς 
Ν Ν “ ‘ > Ν , ’ , , > , 
τὸ κατὰ Ματθαῖον, τὸν ἐκκλησιαστικὸν φυλάττων κανόνα, μόνα τέσσαρα εἰδέναι 


« 


εὐαγγέλια μαρτύρεται, ὧδέ πως γράφων “ ὡς ἐν παραδόσει μαθὼν περὶ τῶν 
τεσσάρων εὐαγγελίων, ἃ καὶ μόνα ἀναντίρρητά ἐστιν ἐν τῇ ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανὸν 
ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ, ὅτι πρῶτον μὲν γέγραπται τὸ κατὰ τόν ποτε τελώνην, ὕστερον 
δὲ ἀπόστολον Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ Ματθαῖον, ἐκδεδωκότα αὐτὸ τοῖς ἀπὸ ᾿Ιουδαϊσμοῦ 
πιστεύσασιν, γράμμασιν Ἕ βραϊκοῖς συντεταγμένον " δεύτερον δὲ τὸ κατὰ Μάρκον, 
ὡς Πέτρος ὑφηγήσατο αὐτῷ, ποιήσαντα, ὃν καὶ υἱὸν ἐν τῇ καθολικῇ ἐπιστολῇ διὰ 
τούτων ὡμολόγησεν φάσκων " ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς ἡ ἐν Βαβυλῶνι συνεκλεκτὴ καὶ 
Μάρκος 6 υἱός pov’: καὶ τρίτον τὸ κατὰ Λουκᾶν, τὸ ὑπὸ Παύλου ἐπαινούμενον 
εὐαγγέλιον τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν πεποιηκότα - ἐπὶ πᾶσιν τὸ κατὰ ᾿Ιωάννην.᾽ 

§14. Tert. Mare. iv. 2:—“Constituimus imprimis evangelicum’ instru- 
mentum apostolos autores habere, quibus hoc munus evangelii promulgandi 
ab ipso domino sit impositum. Si et apdstolicos, non tamen solos, sed cum 
apostolis et post apostolos, quoniam praedicatio discipulorum suspecta fieri - 
posset de gloriae studio, si non adsistat illi auctoritas magistrorum, immo 
Christi, quae magistros apostolos- fecit. Denique nobis fidem ex apostolis 
Ioannes et Matthaeus insinuant, ex apostolicis Lucas et Marcus instaurant, 
isdem regulis exorsi, quantum ad unicum deum attinet creatorem et Christum 
eius, natum ex virgine, suppplementum legis et prophetarum.” 

§ 15. Muratori Canon (text after Lietzmann):— . . . quibus tamen 
interfuit, et ita posuit. Tertium euangelii librum secundum Lucam. ᾿ Lucas 
iste medicus, post ascensum Christi cum eum Paulus quasi litteris [t. juris, 
c. itineris] studiosum secum adsumpsisset, nomine suo ex opinione conscripsit, 
dominum tamen nec ipse uidit in carne, et ideo prout assequi potuit ita et a 
natiuitate Iohannis incipit dicere. Quartum euangeliorum Iohannis ex disci- 
pulis. cohortantibus condiscipulis et episcopis suis dixit .“Conieiunate mihi 
hodie triduo, et quid cuique fuerit reuelatum alterutrum nobis enarremus”. 
eadem nocte reuelatum: Andreae ex apostolis, ut recognoscentibus cunctis 
Iohannes suo nomine cuncta describeret. et ideo, licet uaria singulis euange- 


12 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


liorum libris principia doceantur, nihil tamen differt credentium fidei, cum 
uno ac principali spiritu declarata sint in omnibus omnia: de natiuitate, de 
passione, de resurrectione, de conuersatione cum discipulis suis ac de gemino 
eius aduentu, primo in humilitate despectus, quod fuit, secundo in potestate 
regali praeclaro, quod futurum est. quid ergo mirum, si Iohannes tam con- 
stanter singula etiam in epistulis suis profert dicens in semetipsum “Quae 
uidimus oculis nostris et auribus audiuimus et manus nostrae palpaterunt, 
haec scripsimus uobis” (1 Joh. i. 1, 3; 4). sic enim non solum uisorem se et 
auditorem, sed et scriptorem omnium mirabilium domini per ordinem pro- 
fitetur. 


V. THE GOSPEL OF MATTHEW. 


I. EXTERNAL EVIDENCE. 
1) Author—Matthew (Euseb. Orig. Iren. Tert. Clem. Alex. Pap- 
115. NT, Matt. ix. 9-13, cf. “Mk. it. 4ff. Lk. v. 27ff; Matt: x: 3,'cf. 


Mk. ii. 18, Lk: vi. 15; Acts i. 13): 2) Use—Tatian, Hegesippus,* 


Theophilus, Athenagoras, Apollinaris, 2C Gnostics, 2 Clem? Justin, 
Barnabas, Seniores of Tren. Ign? Polyc? r Clem? 3) Readers— 
Jewish Christians. 4) Place—Palestine. 5) Time—while Peter and 
Paul were preaching in Rome (63-68). 6) Original Language— 
Hebrew i. e. Aramaic. Hier. VJ. 11. Cyril Hier. Catech. xiv. Epiphan. 
Rex! 21. Luseb. WH ait 27. 0. Papias: 


$16. Papias (Euseb. HE. iti. 39. 16) :—MarOaios μὲν οὖν Ἕ βραΐδι δια- 
λέκτῳ τὰ λόγια συνετάξατο [y. |. cvveypawaro |, ἡρμήνευσεν δ᾽ ἀυτὰ ws ἣν δυνατὸς 
[ν. 1. ἐδύνατο, ἣν δυνατόν] ἕκαστος. 

§17. Alexandrine tradition in Euseb. HE. v. 10, 3:—dév εἷς γενόμενος καὶ 
6 Πάνταινος, καὶ εἰς ᾿Ινδοὺς ἐλθεῖν λέγεται, ἔνθα λόγος εὑρεῖν αὐτὸν προφθάσαν 
τὴν αὐτοῦ παρουσίαν τὸ κατὰ Ματθαῖον εὐαγγέλιον παρά τισιν αὐτόθ: τὸν Χριστὸν 
ἐπεγνωκόσιν, οἷς Βαρθολομαῖον τῶν ἀποστόλων ἕνα κηρῦξαι αὐτοῖς τε Ἕ βραίων 
γράμμασι τὴν τοῦ Ματθαίου καταλεῖψαι γραφὴν, ἣν καὶ σώζεσθαι εἰς τὸν 
δηλούμενον χρόνον. ! 

$18. Hier. VJ, xxxvi:—quod [sc. evangelium Matthaei] Hebraicis litteris 
scriptum, revertens [sc. Pantaenus] Alexandriam secum detulit. 


Interpretations of Papias:—Jtlicher, ἕκαστος = all too many, 
ἡρμήνευσε == made Greek translations; Zahn, ἡρμήνευσε = inter- 


preted in reading in Churches of Asia Minor; ἡρμήνευσε probably 
means interpreted in private reading ὡς ἦν δυνατὸς ἕκαστος ; 
description of conditions prior to Papias; no evidence that Papias 
knew Aramaic Matthew. Westérn tradition may owe its origin 
to Papias; Alexandrine tradition seems to be independent. Expe- 
rience of Jerome suggests possibility of confusion with Gospel 


ant 


ree 


: 
he 


-\4 


MATTHEW 13 


according to the Hebrews. Internal character of Matt. does not 
favor theory of direct translation from Aramaic. No information 
concerning translator. 

$19. Hier. VJ. iii—“Matthaeus qui et Levi, ex publicano apostolus, 
primus in Judaea, propter eos qui ex circumcisione crediderunt, Evangelium 


Christi Hebraeis litteris verbisque conposuit; quod quis postea in Graecum 
transtulerit, non satis certum est.” cf. Pracf. in Matth. 


2. INTERNAL EVIDENCE. 

1) Author—not named in text; no first personal pronoun; but no 
intimation that author was not an eye-witness as in Lk. i. 1-4; 
indications of authorship indirect ; question of originality in relation 
to a common tradition; traditional view of authorship tested by 
internal evidence :—call of Levi, ix. off.; Mk. ii. 13ff.; Lk. v. 27ff.; 
OT. quotations. 2) Readers—Jewish Christians (Zahn includes 
Jews). 3) Purpose—to meet needs of readers; genealogies, fulfil- 
ment of OT. Messianic prophecy in Jesus, i. 22 etc., cf. Acts ii. 30ff. ; 
iti, 221. >it. 16f.; xvii. 26.3 1 Cor: 1x. 20;. ecclesiastical tendency, 
xvi. 18; xviil. 17; xxviii. 19f. 4) Place—probably Palestine, but not 
Galilee, ix.2 31. 5) Time—v. 35; xxiv. 16 cf. Euseb. HE. iii. 5, 3; 
Xxiil. 35 ἕως Tov αἵματος Ζαχαρίου υἱοῦ Bapaxiovcf. Josephus, B. J. iv. ey 
Ζαχαρίαν υἱὸν Bdpes [Niese]. v.1. Βαρούχου | Naber], Βαρισκαίου. 
Probably 60-70. Harnack, 60? ¢ 75. Zahn (Aramaic original) 62, 
Greek Gospel ς 85. 


3. CHARACTERISTICS. Emphasis on Messianic Sonship of 
Jesus; frequent use of OT. prophecy; teaching of Jesus; logical 
arrangement. . 


4. CONTENTS. 


T++4 1. ΒΙΕΤΗ AND INFANCY OF JESUS THE MESSIAH. I. 1-1|. 23. 


1. Genealogies. i. I-17. 
2. Birth of Jesus. i. 18-25.L ut” 
3. Visit of the Magi. ii. 1-12. 

4. Flight into Egypt. ii. 13-15. 

5. Slaughter of the Infants by Herod. ii. 19-23. 
In 

Es 

2. 


=3| 34-35 


TRODUCTION TO THE MESSIANIC WorK oF JESUS. IIL. I-IV. ΤΙ. 
Work of John the Baptist. iii, 1-12, ἐν ὁ gy ly 
Baptism of Jesus. iii. 13-17. 

3. Temptation. iv. 1-11. Lis \y 
11. GairEAN Work oF JESUS. IV. 12-XV. 20. 
1. Early Ministry of Preaching and Healing. iv. 12-ix. 34. 
1) Settlement at Capernaum. iv. 12-16. “= ἤκὶ 
2) Gospel Message. iv. 17. 


. 


CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


3) Preaching Tour. iv. 23-25. 
4) Teaching (Sermon on the Mount). v. 1- vii. 20. 
(1) Beatitudes. v. 3-12." "" 
(2) Salt and Light. v. 13-16. 
*(3) Law and Prophets, and Traditions. v. 17-48. 
(4) . Alms.. vi. 1-4. 
(5), Prayer. vi.-5-15. 
a) .Lord’s Prayer. vi. 9-13. 
(6) Fasting. vi. 16-18. 
(7). Treasures. vi. 19-34. 
(8) Judgment. vii. 1-5. 
(9) Pearls and Swine. vii. 6. 
(10) Seeking and Finding. vii. 7-12. 
a) Golden Rule. vii. 12. 
(11) Narrow Gate. vii. 13-14. 
(12) False Prophets. vii. 15-23. 
(13) House-building. vii. 24-27. 
5) Works of Healing. viii: t-ix. 34. 
@). Leper. yi. 1-4. 
(2) ‘ Centurion’s Servant. viii. 5-13. 
(3) Peter’s Wife’s Mother. viii. 14-15. 
(4) Crowds at Evening. viii. 16-17. 
a) Sctibe would follow Jesus. viii. 18-20. 
b) Disciple would bury his Father. viii. 21-22. 
(5). Storm on.the Lake. viii. 23-27. 
(6) Two Demoniacs of the Gadarenes. viii. 28-34. 
(7) Paralytic in Capernaum. ix. 1-8. 
a) Call of Matthew. ix. 9-17. 
(8) Woman with Issue of Blood. ix. 20-23. 
(9) Daughter of Jairus. ix. 18-20, 24-27. 
(10) Two Blind men. ix. 28-31. 
(11) Dumb Demoniac. ix. 32-34. 
2. Extension of Work and Increasing Opposition. ix. 35-xv. 20. 
1) Tour of Teaching and Healing. ix. 35-x. I. 
2) Mission of the Apostles. x. 2-42. 
3) Tour of Teaching and Preaching. xi. I. 
4) Message of John and Jesus’ Testimony to John. xi. 2-30. 
(1) Confiteor Tibt. xi. 25-30. 
5) Opposition of the Pharisees. xii. 1-45. 
(1) Sabbath Controversy. xii. 1-21. 
a) Cornfields. xii. 1-8. 
b) Man with Withered Hand. xii. 9-21. 
(2) Demoniac and Beelzebub Charge. xii. 22-37. 
(3) Demand for Sign. xii. 38-45. 
6) Interruption by Family. xii. 46-50. 
7) Parables. ΧΙ. 1-52. 
(1) Sower. xiii. 1-8. 


ΤΥ. 


MATTHEW 15 


a) Reason for Parables. xiii. 9-17. 
b) Interpretation of the Sower. xiii, 18-23. 
(2) Dares. xiii. 24-30. 
(3) Mustard Seed. xiii. 31-32. 
(4) Leaven. xiii. 33. 
a) Parables and Prophecy. xiii. 34-35. 
Ὁ) Interpretation of Tares. xiii. 36-43. 
(5) Hid Treasure. xiii. 44. 
(6) Pearl. xiii. 45-46. , 
(7). Neto ΈΙΠΙ ἀχὸ. 
8) Rejection at Nazareth. xiii. 53-58. 
9) Herod’s Inquiry and the Death of John the Baptist. xiv. 1-12. 
10) Feeding of 5000. xiv. 13-22. 
11) Jesus retires for Prayer and comes to the Disciples Walking on 
the Water. xiv. 23-36. 
12) Discussion of Traditions. xv. I-20. 

RETIREMENT FROM WorK IN GALILEE. XV. 21-XVIII. 35. 

1. Healing Daughter of Canaanite Woman in Region of Tyre and 
Sidon. xv. 21-28. 

2. Return to Galilee.’ Feeding of 4000. xv. 29-39. 

3. Pharisees and Sadducees seek a Sign. xvi. I-12. 

4. Caesarea Philippi—Peter’s Confession and Jesus’ Announcement of 

His Passion. xvi. 13-28. 

Transfiguration—Announcement of Passion. xvii. I-13. 

Healing a Demoniac Boy. xvii. 14-21. 

Tour in Galilee—Announcement of Passion. xvii. 22-23. 

Temple Tax. xvii. 24-27. 

Teaching concerning the Spirit of Discipleship. xviii. 1-35. 

1) The spirit of a little child is the spirit of those—the Little 
Ones—who receive and enter into the Kingdom of Heaven,— 
contrasted with the spirit of strife for precedence. xviii. I-4. 

2) Jesus’ Interest in the Little Ones and His Warning against 
offending them. xviii. 5-9. 

3) God’s Interest in the Little Ones illustrated by the Parable of 
the Lost Sheep. xviii. 10-14. 

4) Relations of Brethren in the Church and the Authority of the 
Church. xviii. 15-20. 

5) Relation of Brethren one to another and the Duty of Forgive- 
ness illustrated by the Parable of the Ungrateful Servant. 
XVili. 21-35. 

Work IN JUDEA. XIX. I-XX. 34. 

Pharisees inquire concerning Divorce. xix. I-12. 

Jesus and Little Children. xix. 13-15. 

Inquiry of a Rich Young Man. xix. 16-30. 

Parable of the Laborers in the Vineyard. xx. 1-16, 

Journey toward Jerusalem and Announcement of Passion, xx. 17-19. 

Petition of the Mother of James and John, xx. 20-28, 


Ὁ PIA 


CMe Co Et 


16 


CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


7. Healing Two Blind Men at Jericho. xx. 29-34. 
VI. Work IN JERUSALEM. XXI. I-XXvV. 46. 
Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem. xxi. I-11. 
Cleansing of the Temple. xxi. 12-17. 
The Fig Tree. xxi. 19-22. 
Teaching in the Temple. xxi. 23-xxiv. 2. 


τι 


fob 


1) 


2) 
3) 


4) 
5) 


6) 


7) 
8) 


Question concerning Jesus’ Authority and Jesus’ Inquiry con- 

cerning the Baptism of John. xxi. 23-27. 

Parable of the Two Sons. xxi. 28-32. 

Parable of the Vineyard. xxi. 33-44. 

(1) High-priests and Pharisees seek Jesus’ Death. xxi. 45-46. 

Parable of the Marriage Supper. xxii. I-14. 

Jesus answers :— 

(1) Pharisees and Herodians concerning Tribute. xxii. 15-22. 

(2) Sadducees concerning the Resurrection. xxii. 23-33. 

(3) Pharisee Lawyer concerning the Greatest Commandment. 
XXii. 34-40. 

Jesus inquires concerning the Davidic Sonship of the Messiah. 

XX1i. 41-46. 

Denunciation of Pharisaism. xxiii, I-30. 

Jesus departs from the Temple and announces its Destruction. 

ΚΣ: EZ 


Eschatological Discourse on the Mount of Olives. xxiv. 3-xxv. 46. 


1) 
2) 


72) 


Antecedents of the Parousia. xxiv. I-14. 
Antecedents of the Fall of Jerusalem. xxiv. 15-28. 
Sign of the Son of Man. xxiv. 29-31. 
Parable of the Fig Tree. xxiv. 32-35. 
Unexpectedness of the Parousia. xxiv. 36-41. 
Duty of Watchfulness. xxiv. 42-51. 
(τὸ Parables: saxvi 1-30! 

a) Ten Virgins. xxv. I-13. 

b) Talents. xxv. 14-30. 
Messianic Judgment. xxv. 31-46. 


VII. PASSION OF JESUS. XXVI. I-XXVIII. 20. : 
Jesus announces His Passion and High-priests and Elders seek His 
Death. xxvi. I-5. 

Jesus anointed in the House of Simon the Leper. xxvi. 6-13. 
Treachery of Judas. xxvi. 14-16. 

Preparation for the Last Passover. xxvi. 17-19. 

Jesus announces His Betrayal. xxvi. 20-25. 

Institution of the Lord’s Supper. xxvi. 26-20. 

Jesus retires with His Disciples toward the Mount of Olives, an- 
nounces His Passion, and promises to go before the Disciples into 
Galilee after His Resurrection. xxvi. 30-32. 

Jesus announces Peter’s Denial. xxvi. 33-35. 

Gethsemane. xxvi. 36-46. 

Arrest of Jesus and Flight of the Disciples, xxvi. 47-56, 


MATTHEW 17 


11. Trial of Jesus. xxvi. 57-xxviii. 26. 
1) Jesus before Caiaphas. xxvi. 57-68. 
(1) Peter’s Denial. xxvi. 69-75. 
2) Jesus before the Sanhedrin. xxvii. 1-2. 
(1) Death of Judas. xxvii. 3-10. 
3) Jesus before Pilate. xxvii. 11-26. 
12. Suffering of Jesus. xxvii. 27-66. 
1) Jesus Scourged and Mocked. xxvii. 27-31. 
2) Crucifixion. xxvii. 32-56. 
(1) Burial. xxvii. 57-62. 
(2) Watch. xxvii. 62-66. 
13. Resurrection and Appearances. xxviii. 1-20. 
1) Appearances of an Angel to Mary Magdalene and the other 
Mary at the Sepulchre, and Message to the Disciples to repair 
to Galilee. xxviii. 1-8. 
2) Appearance of Jesus to the Women and Message to Disciples. 
XXVili. 9-10. 
(1) Report of the Watch. xxviii. 11-15. 
3) Appearance of Jesus to the Eleven Disciples in Galilee. xxviii. 
16-17. 
4) Great Commission. xxviii. 18-20. 


Wire DHE GOSPEL OF MARK. 


I. EXTERNAL EVIDENCE. 

1) Author—John Mark (Euseb. Orig. Iren. Tert. Clem. Alex. Pap- 
fico Acs, Sate 12, ΡῈ καὶ Ε, τῶν κὺ: 37°30 7Cols, tv: 1034.Philm: 
24; 2 Tim. iv. 11; 1 Pet. v. 13). 2) Use—Tatian, Mur. Can., 2C 
Gnostics, Justin, Hermas, Polye? 3) Readers—Gentile Christians 
(Roman or Egyptian). 4) Place—Rome (Iren.) or Egypt (Chrys. 
Hom. in Matt. 1). 5) Time—During Peter’s life-time (Hier. VJ. 
viii. Euseb. HE. ii. 15. Clem. Alex. in Euseb. HE. vi. 14, 7) or after 
Peter’s death (Tren. iii. τι. 1. Presbyter of Papias in Euseb. HE. 
HAs 30) ἢν σοὶ. i. 15) 





δ. 20. Papias in Euseb. HE. iti. 30, 15:—“ καὶ τοῦθ᾽ 6 πρεσβύτερος ἔλεγεν - 
,ὔ -“ , 3 “ ΝΜ 
Μάρκος μὲν ἑρμηνευτὴς Πέτρου γενόμενος, ὅσα ἐμνημόνευσεν, ἀκριβῶς ἔγραψεν, 
> , , wie \ “- ΄ ΠῚ bY θέ BD θέ ΝΜ Ν ” 
οὐ μέντοι τάξει TA ὑπὸ τοῦ κυρίου ἢ λεχθέντα ἢ πραχθέντα, οὔτε yap ἤκουσεν 
n ’, Ν ri ‘6 > a σ ὃ ,, ε μὲ Ul , τ a ‘ 
τοῦ κυρίου οὔτε παρηκολούθησεν αὐτῷ, ὕστερον δέ, ws ἔφην, Llérpw~ ὃς πρὸς 
‘ , 5» a ‘ , ἀλλ᾽ > μὲ , € an τ 
τὰς χρείας ἐποιεῖτο τὰς διδασκαλίας, a ony ὥσπερ σύνταξιν τῶν κυριακῶν 
, , 7 a9OX 4 , ΄ Ν ΄ ε > 
ποιούμενος λογίων, ὥστε οὐδὲν ἥμαρτεν Μάρκος οὕτως evia γράψας ws ἀπεμνη- 
a Ν e ” a 
povevoev, ἑνὸς γὰρ ἐποιήσατο πρόνοιαν, τοῦ μηδὲν ὧν ἤκουσεν παραλιπεῖν ἢ 


, ’ > > ΄-. 45" 
ψεύσασθαί τι ἐν αὑτοῖς. 


18 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION | 


Justin, Dial. 106 refers to an incident concerning Peter in the Gospel of 
Mark as, ἐν τοῖς ἀπομνημονεύμασιν αὐτοῦ. 

δ 21. Hier. VJ. viii:—“Marcus, discipulus et interpres Petri iuxta quod 
Petrum referentem audierat, rogatus Romae a fratribus breve scripsit Evan- 
gelium. Quod cum Petrus audisset, probavit et ecclesiis legendum sua aucto- 
ritate edidit, sicut scribit Clemens in sexto Ὑποτυπώσεωιν libro et Papias 
Hierapolitanus episcopus. Meminit huius Marci et Petrus in prima epistula, 
-sub nomine Babylonis figuraliter Romam significans: ‘Salutat vos quae est 
in Babylone coelecta et Marcus filius meus’. Adsumpto itaque evangelio quod 
ipse confecerat, perrexit Aegyptum et primus Alexandriae Christum adnun- 
cians constituit ecclesiam tanta doctrina et vitae continentia, ut omnes secta- 
tores Christi ad exemplum sui cogeret. Denique Philon, disertissimus Iudae- 
orum, videns Alexandriae primam ecclesiam adhuc iudaizantem quasi in 
laudem gentis suae librum super eorum conversatione scripsit, et quomodo 
Lucas narrat Hierosolymae credentes omnia habuisse communia, sic ille quod 
Alexandriae sub Marco fieri doctore cernebat memoriae tradidit. Mortuus 
est autem octavo Neronis anno et sepultus Alexandriae, succendente sibi An- 
niano.” (cf. Euseb. HE. ii. 15-16.) 


Interpretations of Papias:—Mark became ἑρμηνευτὴς ἹΠΈέτρου 
a) by translating Peter’s oral Aramaic discourses into Greek or 
Latin; or b) by embodying Peter’s discourse in his Gospel (Zahn). 
Jiilicher rejects the tradition but admits Petrine basis of the Gospel. 


2. INTERNAL EVIDENCE. 

1) Author—not named or directly indicated in text; hint in xiv. 51; 
embodies tradition of eyewitness, probably of Peter (Euseb. ΗΕ. 
iii. 5. 89, 95) ; confession, viii. 29 cf Matt. xvi. 17-19; denial, xiv. 
66ff: after Transfiguration, ix..14ff cf 2 Pet: i. 17; ci also 1. πῶ 
16 with Jno. i. 42. Matt. x. 2, xvi. 17; vil. 17 with Matt xv. 15; vi. 
50 with Matt. xiv. 28, 31; x. 28; xii.'20 with Matt. xxi. 20; xiv. 37 
with Matt. xxvi. 40; xiv. 47 with Jno. xviii. 10; xvi. 7 with xiv. 28f. 
2) Readers—Gentile Christians; Blass, Wellhausen theory of Ara- 
maic original—Jewish Christians. 3) Purpose—Historical and re- 
ligious; Pfleiderer—Pauline. 4) Place. Rome—Latinisms, xv. 21 
with Rom. xvi. 13. 5) Time—Before 70; no intimation of fall of 
Jerusalem. F. C. Baur 130-170; Holtzmann 81-96; Jiilicher after 
70; Harnack c 60 or 65-70; Zahn c 67. 

3. CHaracteristics. Rapidity and vividness of narrative; 
Jesus as Messiah with power; chronological order and _ historical 
development. 

4. Tue Text (INTEGRITY). a) xvi. 8, édoBodvro yap & B 
Syr™™ arm“ aeth“" Clem? Orig ?:Euseb. Hier. ΡΒ. xyiv 9-20, ον 


MARK 19 


Pipe 3 Ρ̓ W... cursives it vg στον ™ ™ li" cop go Justin? 
Tatian Iren™’. c) xvi. 9-14'7", 15-20, Freer MS. Hier. d) xvi. 8f, 
1}: Ῥ ἩΡΘ  ΘΥ  ΟΟΡΣ aeth™ kc, 

a) = Earliest transmitted text. Type (documentary evidence) 
= Neutral; Priority (transcriptional evidence )—explains origin of 
b) and 4). Character,—incomplete. Origin,—text unfinished; suf- 
fered from accidental loss or intentional mutilation (Harnack, Rohr- 
bach, Julicher—theory in conflict with phenomena of transmitted 
text). 

b) = Type (documentary evidence) Syrian repetition of West- 
ern text. Intrinsic evidence—non-Markan. Transcriptional evi- 
dence—derivative. Character—composite. Origin—early in 2C, in 
Asia Minor, probably from Arist(i)on. 

c) = later than b) ; origin probably in Egypt. 

d) = later than b) ; origin probably in the West. 





§22. Text of c) from the Freer MS. of the Gospels (4-5c), after 
Gregory :—1 κἀκεῖνοι ἀπελογοῦντο λέγοντες - 2 OTL ὃ ἀιὼν οὗτος τῆς ἀνομίας 
καὶ τῆς ἀπιστίας ὑπὸ τὸν σατανᾶν ἐστιν, 3 ὃ μὴ ἐῶν τὰ ὑπὸ τῶν πνευμάτων 
ἀκάθαρτα 4 τὴν ἀληθινὴν τοῦ θεοῦ καταλαβέσθαι δύναμιν - 5 διὰ τοῦτο 
ἀποκάλυψον σοῦ τὴν δικαιοσύνην ἤδη, 6 ἐκεῖνοι ἔλεγον τῷ χριστῷ 7 καὶ ὃ 
χριστὸς ἐκείνοις προσέλεγεν - ὃ ὅτι πεπλήρωται ὃ ὅρος τῶν ἐτῶν τῆς ἐξουσίας 
τοῦ σατανᾶ, 9 ἀλλὰ ἐγγίζει ἄλλα δεινά - 10 καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτησάντων ἐγὼ 

΄ > , “ ε ΄ > ν > , ‘ / 
παρεδόθην eis θάνατον, 11 iva ὑποστέψωσιν εἰς τὴν ἀλήθειαν καὶ μηκέτι 
ἁμαρτήσωσιν, 12 ἵνα τὴν ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ πνευματικὴν καὶ ἄφθαρτον τῆς 
δικαιοσύνης δόξαν κληρονομήσωσιν. [ΜΚ 16, τς :] ἀλλὰ πορευθέντες κτλ. 

8.23. Hier. Pelag. ii. 15:—‘“‘In quibusdam exemplaribus οἱ maxime in 
Graecis codicibus, juxta Marcum in fine eius evangelii scribitur: ‘“Postea 
cum accubuissent undecim apparuit eis Jesus et exprobravit incredulitatem et 
duritiam cordis eorum, quia his qui viderant eum resurgentem non crediderunt. 
Et illi satisfaciebant dicentes: Saeculum istud iniquitatis et incredulitatis sub 
Satana est, qui non sinit per immundos spiritus veram Dei apprehendi 
virtutem. Idcirco iam nunc revela iustitiam tuam.” 

§24. Text of d):—Ilavra δὲ τὰ παρηγγελμένα τοῖς περὶ τὸν Πέτρον 

, 5 ’ ‘ Ove - Ν Φ Ν Ἔ 4 -“ 3 Ν > -“ Ἀ 
συντόμως ἐξήγγειλαν. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ ᾿Ιησοῦς ἀπὸ ἀνατολῆς καὶ 
Ἂ / > 4 δι DA Xe ‘ Ἀν ἈΝ 0 Δ fal > ΄ 
ἄχρι δύσεως ἐξαπέστειλεν δι᾿ αὐτῶν τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ ἄφθαρτον κήρυγμα τῆς αἰωνίου 


σωτηρίας. 


5. CONTENTS. 
I. BEGINNING OF THE GOSPEL OF JESUS. I. I-I3. 
1. Work of John the Baptist. 1. 1-8. 
2. Baptism of Jesus. i. 0-11. 
3. Temptation. i. 12-13. 


20 


UH: 


i Ee 


CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


MeEssIANiIc WorkK OF JESUS IN GALILEE. I. 14-VII. 23. 


Ife 


Early Ministry of Preaching and Healing. 1. 14-45. 
1) Gospel Message. i. 14-15. 
2) First Disciples. i. 16-20. 
3) Works of Healing. i. 21-34. 
(1) Demoniac in Capernaum. i. 21-28. 
(2) Peter’s Wife’s Mother. .1. 29-31. 
(3) Crowds at Evening. 1. 32-34. 
4) Preaching Tour. i. 35-39. 
5) Healing a Leper. i. 40-45. 
Early Opposition. ii. 1-Π1. 6. 
1) Healing of a Paralytic. ii. 1-12. 
5) Gallon evn 1 3: 2Ὁ ΣῈ 
3) Sabbath Controversy. ii. 223-111. 6. : 

a) Cornfields. ii. 23-28. 

Ὁ) Man with Withered Hand. iii. 1-6. 
Extension of Work and Increasing Opposition. iii. 7-vil. 23 
1) Popular Interest in Jesus’ Work. 111. 7-12. 

2) Appointment of the Apostles. ili. 13-19. 

3) Beelzebub Charge. 111. 20-30. 

4) Interruption by Family. iii. 31-35. 

5) Parables (Sower, Interpretation, Light, Growing Seed, Mustard 
Seed). iv. 1-34. 

6) Miracles (Storm, Gerasene Demoniac, Woman with Issue of 
Blood, Daughter of Jairus). iv. 35-v. 43. - 

7) Rejection at Nazareth. vi. 1-6. 

8) Mission of the Apostles. vi. 7-13. 

9) Herod’s Inquiry and Death of John the Baptist. vi. 14-20. 


10) Return of the Apostles—Feeding of the 5000. vi. 30-44. 
11) Walking on the Water. vi. 45-56. 
12) Denunciation of Pharisees and Scribes. vil. 1-23. 


RETIREMENT FROM WorK IN GALILEE, VI. 24-IX. 50. 


© ON 


Healing Daughter of Greek Woman in Region of Tyre and Sidon. 
Vil. 24-30. 

Return to Galilee—Healing a Deaf and Blind Man. vit. 31-37. 
Feeding the 4000. viii. I-10. 

Pharisees seek a Sign. viii. 11-21. 

Healing a Blind Man in Bethsaida. viii. 22-26. 

Caesarea Philippi—Peter’s Confession and Jesus’ Announcement of 
His Passion. viii. 27-1x. I. 

Transfiguration and Announcement of Passion. ix. 2-13. 
Healing a Demoniac Boy. ix. 14-20. 

Tour in Galilee and Announcement of Passion. ix. 30-32. 
Return to Capernaum—Teaching concerning the Spirit of Disciple- 
ship. ΙΧ. 33-50. 


MARK 21 


IV. Work IN JuDEA. x. I-52. 


Vi: 


ἘΝ ἐπε ΕΣ ΟΣ ΘΗ 


Pharisees inquire concerning Divorce. x. 1-12. 

Jesus and Little Children. x. 13-16. 

Inquiry of Rich Young Man. x. 17-31. 

Journey toward Jerusalem—Announcement of Passion. x. 32-34. 
Petition of James and John. x. 35-45. 

Healing Blind Man (Bartimaeus) in Jericho. x. 46-52. 


Work IN JERUSALEM. XI. I-XIII. 37. 


ee oe ee 


6. 


Triumphal Entry. xi. 1-11. 

The Fig Tree. xi. 12-14. 

Cleansing of the Temple., xi. 15-10. 

Teaching concerning Faith. xi, 20-26. 

Teaching in the Temple. xi. 27-xii. 44. . 

I) Question concerning Jesus’ Authority and Jesus’ Inquiry con 
cerning the Baptism of John. xi. 27-33. 

2) Parable of the Vineyard. xii. 1-12. 

3) Jesus answers :— 
(1) Pharisees and Herodians concerning Tribute. xii. 13-17. 
(2) Sadducees concerning the Resurrection. xii. 18-27. 
(3) A Scribe concerning the Greatest Commandment. ΧΙ]. 

28-34. 

4) Jesus inquires concerning the Davidic Sonship of the Messiah. 
ἘΠ 35-37. 

5) Warning against the Scribes. xii. 38-40. 

6) Widow’s Mite. xii. 41-44. 

Eschatological Discourse. xii. I-37. 


PASSION OF JESUS. XIV. I-Xvi. 8 (9-20). 


Sey uaa ee Nara 


13. 


Priests and Scribes seek Jesus’ Death. xiv. 1-2. 

Jesus Anointed in the House of Simon the Leper. xiv. 3-0. 
Treachery of Judas. xiv. 10-11. 

Preparation for the Last Passover. xiv. 12-16. 

Jesus announces His Betrayal. xiv. 17-21. 

Institution of the Lord’s Supper. xiv. 22-25. 

Jesus retires with His Disciples toward the Mount of Olives, an- 
nounces His Passion, and promises to go before the Disciples into 
Galilee after His Resurrection. xiv. 26-28. 

Jesus announces Peter’s Denial. xiv. 29-31. 

Gethsemane. xiv. 32-42. 

Arrest of Jesus and Flight of the Disciples. xiv. 43-50. 

Flight of a Young Man. xiv. 51. 

Trial of Jesus. xiv. 53-xv. I5. 

1) Before the High-priest—Peter’s Denial. xiv. 53-72. 

2) Before the Sanhedrin and Pilate. xv. I-15. 

Suffering of Jesus. xv. 16-47. 

1) Jesus Scourged and Mocked. xv. 16-20. 

2) Crucifixion. xv. 21-41. 


\ 


22 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


3) Burial. xv. 42-47. 
14. Resurrection. xvi. 1-8. 
1) Appearance of an Angel to the Women at the Sepulchre and 
Message to Disciples. xvi. 1-8. 


Wil THE GOSPEL; ORE LICE 


I. EXTERNAL EVIDENCE. 
1) Author—Luke (Mur. Can., Iren., Clem. Alex., Tert., Origen, 
Euseb. Hier. ΝΤ εἰσ i. 1 ost 28 (West. ) ; Xvi. τὸ Εἴς: Col aye ΠῚ: 
Philm. 24; 2 Tim. iv. 11). Gentile Christian; connected with Paul; 
of Antioch. 2) Use—Epis. Ch. Lyons-Vien. Tatian. Theophilus 
Athenagoras 2C Gnostics. Marcion, Justin. Herm. Did?. 


825. Hier. VJ. vii:—‘“Lucas, medicus Antiochensis, ut eius scripta in- 
dicant, Graeci sermonis non ignarus fuit, sectator apostoli Pauli et omnis eius 
peregrinationis comes, scripsit Evangelium, de quo idem Paulus: ‘Misimus, 
inquit, cum illo fratrem cuius laus est in evangelio per omnes ecclesias’, et 
ad Colossenses, ‘Salutat vos Lucas medicus carissimus’, et ad Timotheum, 
‘Lucas est mecum solus’, Aliud quoque edidit volumen egregtium quod titulo 
Apostolicorum πράξεων praenotatur, cuius historia usque ad biennium Romae 
commorantis Pauli pervenit, id est ad quartum Neronis annum. Ex quo 
intelligimus in eadem urbe librum esse conpositum. Igitur περιόδους Pauli 
et Theclae et totam baptizati leonis fabulam inter apocryphas scripturas 
conputemus. Quale enim est, ut individuus comes apostoli inter ceteras eius 
res hoc solum ignoraverit? Sed et Tertullianus, vicinus illorum temporum, 
refert presbyterum quendam in Asia, σπουδαστὴν apostoli Pauli, convictum 
apud Iohannem quod auctor esset libri, et confessum se hoc Pauli amore 
fecisse, loco excidisse. Quidam suspicantur, quotiescumque Paulus in epistulis 
suis dicat ‘iuxta evangelium meum’, de Lucae significare volumine et Lucam 
non solum ab apostolo Paulo didicisse evangelium, qui cum Domino in carne 
non fuerat, sed et a ceteris apostolis. Quod ipse quoque in principio voluminis 
sui declarat dicens: ‘Sicut tradiderunt nobis qui a principio ipsi viderunt et 
ministri fuerunt sermonis’. Igitur Evangelium, sicut audierat scripsit; Acta 
vero apostolorum, sicut viderat ipse, conposuit. Sepultus est Constantino- 
polim, ad quam urbem, vicesimo Constantii anno, ossa eius, cum reliquiis 
Andrge apostoli, translata sunt.” 

§ 26. Praefatio uel Argumentum Lucae (text after Wordsworth and 
White) :—“Lucas Syrus natione Antiochensis arte medicus discipulus aposto- 
lorum postea Paulum secutus usque ad confessionem eius seruiens domino 
sine crimine. Nam neque uxorem umquam habens neque filios septuaginta et 
quattuor annorum obiit in Bithynia plenus spiritu sancto. Qui cum iam 
descripta essent euangelia per Mattheum quidem in Iudaea per Marcum 
autem in Italia sancto instigante spiritu in Achaiae partibus hoc scripsit 
euangelium significans etiam ipse in principio ante alia esse descripta”; etc. 


LUKE 23 


$27. Euseb. HE. 111. 4, 6-7:--᾿Λλουκᾶς δὲ τὸ μὲν γένος ὧν τῶν ἀπ᾿ 
᾿Αντιοχείας, τὴν ἐπιστήμην δὲ ᾿ ἱατρὸς, τὰ πλεῖστα συγγεγονὼς τῴ Παύλῳ, καὶ 
τοῖς λοιποῖς δὲ οὐ παρέργως τῶν ἀποστόλων ὡμιληκώς, ἧς ἀπὸ τούτων προσεκ- 
τήσατο ψυχῶν θεραπευτικῆς ἐν δυσὶν ἡμῖν ὑποδείγματα θεοπνεύστοις κατέλιπεν 
βιβλίοις, τῷ τε εὐαγγελίῳ, ὃ καὶ χαράξαι μαρτύρεται καθ᾽ ἃ παρέδοσαν αὐτῷ οἱ 
ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς αὐτόπται καὶ ὑπηρέται γενόμενοι τοῦ λόγου, οἷς καί φησιν ἔτ᾽ ἄνωθεν 
ἅπασι παρηκολουθηκέναι, καὶ ταῖς τῶν ἀποστόλων Πράξεσιν, ἃς οὐκέτι δι᾽ 
ἀκοῆς, ὀφθαλμοῖς δὲ παραλαβὼν συνετάξατο: φασὶν δ᾽ ὡς ἄρα τοῦ Kar’ 
αὐτὸν εὐαγγελίου μνημονεύειν ὃ Παῦλος εἴωθεν, ὁπηνίκα ὡς περὶ ἰδίου τινὸς 
εὐαγγελίου γράφων ἔλεγεν “ κατὰ τὸ εὐαγγέλιόν pov”, 

2. INTERNAL EVIDENCE. 
1) Author—Luke (Lk. i. 1-4)./ Gentile Christian (Col. iv. 10) ; 
literary artist; medical language; style and diction like Acts. 2) 
Readers—Theophilus; Gentile Christians. 3) Purpose—i. 1-4, to 
write of the origin of the Christian religion in the life and teaching 
of Jesus, in a thorough, orderly manner, on the basis of careful 
investigation, for the purpose of confirming faith. 3) Place— 
probably in Rome like Acts. 4) Time—before Acts; probably 
before 63-67. Eschatological discourse and fall of Jerusalem (cf. 
Acts xi. 28; xx. 22ff ; xxi. 5, 11, 30f. Relation to Josephus. ‘Third 
book (Zahn). 1 Tim. v. 18 cf. Lk. x. 7. Harnack 60-66 or 78-93; 
Zahn 75 7 aed and Plummer 70-80; Blass 54-56, 57-59. 

πο. τ νεῖ το 

3. Cuaracteristics. Pauline point of view. Ttbingen ten- 
dency theory. Holtzmann—catholic or universalistic. Julicher— 
mild Paulinism. Ebionism. Luke a historian; chronology ; interest 
in teaching of Jesus. Style and diction varies but generally of high 
literary quality. 


ae ΠΗ ας 

1) Integrity. Relation to Marcion’s Gospel. Patristic view (Iren. 
ἘΠΕ iM. 15. τ τε; τὸ Vert. Mare: 1v. 2. Tubingen view—Baur 
vs. Hilgenfeld and Volkmar. Zahn and Sanday. van Manen. 

2) Origin and Value of Binary text. Blass—two originals; Neutral 
(Eastern) first in Jerusalem c. 54-56, longer; Western in Rome 
ς. 57-59, shorter (xxiv. 51 caused by plan to write Acts) but with 
additions (xi. 1-2 caused by place of writing); not purely trans- 
mitted but mixture caused by circulation of Tatian’s Diatessaron in 
East (Syria and Egypt). 


Καναλιιι (pishssbs, Shell, 
i “ ΄“ 
μος Hyp pen σεν 
| κα ιῦί.".) 


5. 
| Bee Si 
‘I 
2 
3 
4 


i. 


ἘΠῚ: 


10. 
MLAs 


CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


CONTENTS. 


ISTORICAL BEGINNINGS OF THE GOSPEL. I. I-II. 52. 


Prologue. i. 1-4. 

Announcement of the Birth of John. i. 5-25. 
Announcement of the Birth of Jesus. i. 26-38. 
Visit of Mary to Elizabeth. i. 39-56. 

1) Magnificat (Mary). i. 46-55. 

Birth of John. i. 57-80. 

1) Benedictus (Zacharias). i. 68-79. 

Birth of Jesus. ii. 1-7. 

Visit of the Shepherds. ii. 8-20. 

1) Gloria in Excelsis (Angels). ii. 14. 
Circumcision. ii. 21. 

Presentation. 11]. 22-38. 

1) Nunc Dimittis (Simeon). 11. 29-32. 

2) Anna. ii. 36-38. 

Return to Nazareth. 11. 39-40. 

The Boy Jesus in Jerusalem. ii. 41-52. 


INTRODUCTION TO THE MeEsstANIc WorK OF JESUS. TIT. I-IV. 13. 


BY 


Work of John the Baptist. iii. 1-20. 
Baptism of Jesus. iii. 21-22. 
Genealogy of Jesus. iii. 23-38. 
Temptation. iv. I-13. 


GALILEAN WorK OF JESUS. IV. 14-IX. 50. 


i 


iS) 


Early Ministry of Preaching and Healing. iv. 14-v. 16. 
1) Proclamation of the Gospel in Nazareth. iv. 14-30. 
2) Settlement at Capernaum. iv. 31-41. 
a) Teaching. iv. 31-32. 
Ὁ) Healing Demoniac. iv. 33-38. 
c) Peter’s Wife’s Mother. iv. 38-39. 
d) Crowds at Evening. iv. 40-41. 
3) Preaching Tour. iv. 42-44. 
4) Large Catch of Fish and Call of Four Disciples. v. 1-11. 
5) Healing a Leper. v. 12-16. 
Early Opposition. v. 17-vi. 11. 
1) Healing a Paralytic. v. 17-26. 
2) Call of Levi: v. 27-309. 
3) Sabbath Controversy. vi. I-II. 
(1) Cornfields. vi. 1-5. 
(2) Man with Withered Hand. vi. 6-11. 


Extension of Work and Increasing Opposition. vi. 12-ix. 50. 


1) Appointment of the Apostles. vi. 12-16. 

2) Sermon on the Mount. vi. 17-490. 

3) Healing of a Centurion’s Servant. vii. I-10. 
4) Raising Son of Widow of Nain. vii. 11-17. 


5) Message of John and Jesus’ Testimony to John. vii. 18-35. 


9) 
10) 


ain); 


12) 


13) 
14) 
15) 
16) 
17) 


18) 
19) 
20) 
21) 


LUKE 25 


Jesus dines with a Pharisee. vii. 36-50. 
Preaching Tour. viii, 1-3. 
Parables. viii. 4-18. 
(1) Sower. viii. 4-8. 
a) Interpretation. viii. 9-15. 
(2). Light (External). viii. 10-18. 
Interruption by Family. viii. 19-21. 
Storm on the Lake... viii. 22-25. 
Demoniac of Gerasenes. viii. 26-39. 
Healing Woman with Issue of Blood and Raising Daughter of 
Jairus. viii. 40-56. 
Instruction and Mission of the Apostles. ix. 1-6. 
Herod inquires about Jesus. ix. 7-9. 
Return of the Apostles. ix. 10. 
Feeding 5000. ix. II-17. 
Caesarea Philippi, Confession of Peter and Announcement of 
Passion. ix. 18-27. 
Transfiguration. ix. 28-36. 
Healing a Demoniac Boy. 1x. 37-438. 
Announcement of Passion. ix. 43b-45. 
Spirit of Discipleship. ix, 46-50. 
(1) Precedence and Little Child. 1x. 46-49. 
(2) Man casting out Demons. ix. 49-50. 


IV. RetIREMENT FROM GALILEE. JOURNEYING TOWARD JERUSALEM. IX. 5I- 


Nain 25. 
Τὸ 


First Circuit. ix. 51-x1li. 21. 


τ) 
2) 
3) 
4) 


5) 


6) 
7) 


8) 


9) 


10) 


11) 
12) 
13) 
14) 
15) 
16) 
17) 


Visit to Samaria. ix. 51-56. 

Implications of Discipleship. ix. 57-62. 

Mission and Instruction of the Seventy. x. 1-16. 

Return of the Seventy. x. 17-24. 

(1) Confiteor Tibi, x. 21-22. 

Parable of the Good Samaritan (Concerning “My Neighbor’). 
X. 25-37. ᾿ 

Jesus in Home of Martha'and Mary. x. 38-42. 

Lords Prayer,” i.) Υ 4: 

(1) Importunity of Prayer. xi. 5-13. 

Healing a Dumb Demoniac, Beelzebub Charge and Demand for 
Sion: ΧΙ 14-26.. Ὁ 

Concerning True Blessedness. xi. 27-28. 

Sign of Jonah. xi, 29-32. 

Parable of Light (Internal). xi. 33-36. 

Denunciation of Pharasaism. xi. 37-Xii. 12. 

Parable of a Rich Man (Concerning Inheritance). xii. 13-21. 
Instruction of Disciples. xii. 22-59. 

Warning of Calamities. xiii. 1-5. 

Parable of the Fig Tree. xiii. 6-9. 

Healing a Woman with an Infirmity on the Sabbath. xiii. 10-17. 


26 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION ‘ 


18) Parables. xiii. 18-21. 
(1) Mustard Seed. xiii. 18-19. 
(2) Leaven. xiii. 20-21. 
2. Second Circuit. xiii. 22-xvii. τὸ. 
1) Narrow Door into Salvation. xiii. 22-30. 
2) Pharisees warn Jesus against Herod. xili. 31-33. 
3) Jesus’ Lament over Jerusalem. xiii. 34-35. 
4) Healing a Dropsical Man on the Sabbath. xiv. 1-6. 
5) Parables. xiv. 7-24. 
(1) Chief Seats at Feast. xiv. 7-11. 
(2) Invitation of Guests. xiv. 12-14. 
(3) Great Supper (Excuses). xiv. 15-24. 
6) Cost of Discipleship. xiv. 25-35. 
(1) Building a Tower. xiv. 28-30. 
(2) Waging War. xiv. 31-33. 
(3) Parable of Salt. xiv. 34-35. 
7) Parables (Concerning the Lost). xv. I-xvi. 13. 
(1) Lost Sheep. xvi 3-7. 
(2) Lost Coin. xv. 8-10. 
(3) Lost (Prodigal) Son. xv. 11-32. 
(4) Unrighteous Steward. xvi. I-13. 
8) Pharisees and the Law (Divorce). xvi. 14-18. 
9) Parable of the Rich and the Poor (Lazarus). xvi. 19-31. 
10) Spirit of Discipleship. xvii. I-10. 
(1) Little Ones and Offences. xvii. 1-2. 
(2) Duty of Forgiveness. xvii. 3-4. 
(3) Power of Faith. xvii. 5-6. 
(4) Duty of Servants. xvii. 7-10. 
5: Third (Girenit. )xvill i1-xim 28. 
1) Healing Ten Lepers. xvii. 11-10. 
2) Coming of the Kingdom. xvii. 20-37. 
3) Parables (Concerning Prayer). xviii. I-14. 
(1) Unjust Judge. xviii. 1-8. 
(2) Pharisee and Publican. xviii. 9-14. 
4) Jesus and Little Children. xviii. 15-17. 
5) A Rich Young Man. xviii. 18-27. 
6) Reward of Discipleship. xviii. 28-30. 
7) Announcement of Passion. xviii. 31-34. 
8) Healing a Blind Man in Jericho. xviii. 35-43. 
9) Jesus stays with the Publican Zacchaeus. xix. I-10. 
10) Parable of the Ten Pounds. xix. 11-28. 


V. Work IN JERUSALEM. XIX. 29-XXI. 38. 
1. Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem. xix. 29-45. 
2. Cleansing the Temple. xix. 46-48. 
3. Teaching in the Temple. xx. 1-xxi. 6. 
1) Question concerning Jesus’ Authority and Jesus’ Inquiry con- 


ΝΕ 


4. 


4) 


5) 
6) 
7) 


LUKE 


to 
N 


cerning the Baptism of John. xx. 1-8. 

Parable of the Vineyard. xx. 9-18. 

(1) Scribes and High-priests seek Jesus’ Death. xx. 19-20. 
Jesus answers :— 

(1) Pharisees concerning Tribute. xx. 21-26. 

(2) Sadducees concerning the Resurrection. xx. 27-40, 

Jesus inquires concerning the Davidic Sonship of the Messiah. 
XX. 41-44. 

Denunciation of Scribism. xx. 45-47. 

Widow’s Mite. xxi. 1-4. 

Jesus retires from the Temple and announces its Destruction. 
Xxi. 5-6. 


Eschatological Discourse. xxi. 7-38. 


PASSION OF JESUS. XXII. I-XXIV. 53. 
Treachery of Judas. xxi. 1-6. 
Last Passover. xxii. 7-38. 


I. 
2. 


a 


1) 


7) 


Preparation. xxii. 7-13. 

Passover Meal. xxii. 14-16. 

Institution of the Lord’s Supper. xxii, 17-21. 

Jesus announces His Betrayal. xxii, 22-23. 

Concerning the Relation of Precedence to Service. xxii. 24-30. 
Jesus announces Peter’s Denial. xxii. 31-34. 

Two Swords. xxii. 35-38. 


Gethsemane. ΧΧΙΙ. 39-46. 
Arrest of Jesus. xxii. 47-53. 
Trial of Jesus. xxii. 54-xxiii. 25. 


τὴ 


2) 
3) 


Jesus before the High-priest. xxii. 54. 
(1) Peter’s Denial. xxii. 55-62. 
(2) Jesus Smitten. xxii. 63-65. 
Jesus before the Sanhedrin. xxii. 66-71. 
Jesus before Pilate. xxiii. I-25. 
(1) Pilate hears Charges against Jesus. xxiii. 1-7. 
(2) Jesus sent to Herod. xxiii, 8-12. 
a) Jesus mocked by Herod. xxiii. 11. 
(3)) Pilate’s Judgment. xxiii. 13-25. 


Suffering of Jesus. xxiii. 26-56. 


1) 
2) 
3) 


Bearing the Cross. xxiii. 26-32. 
Crucifixion. xxiii. 33-49. 
Burial. xxiii. 50-56. 


Resurrection and Appearances. xxiv. I-53. 


1) 
2) 
3) 


4) 


Appearances of Angels to the Women at the, Sepulchre. xxiv. 
1-11. 

Appearance of Jesus to Cleopas and a Companion on the Way to 
Emmaus. xxiv. I2-32. 

Report of Cleopas and Mention of Appearance to Peter. xxiv. 


33-36. 


Appearance of Jesus to the Disciples. xxiv. 37-43. 


28 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


5) Teaching of Jesus. xxiv. VON, 
6) Ascension. xxiv. 50-53. 


VIII. LITERARY CRITICISM OF SYNOPTIC GOSPELS 
(SOURCES). 


Synoptic ProgteM. Origin of literary phenomena—similarity 
and difference. Logical possibilities. Dependence—1. Direct (Pri- 
ority). 2. Indirect (Common Source). 2a. Oral. 2b. Written. 
3. Combination of 1. and 2. Experimental difficulties. Historical 
significance. 


EXTERNAL EvIDENCE. Sources of Lk. 

δ 28. Lk. 1. 1-4:—’Eredyjrep πολλοὶ ἐπεχείρησαν ἀνατάξασθαι διήγησιν 
περὶ τῶν πεπληροφορημένων ἐν ἡμῖν πραγμάτων, καθὼς παρέδοσαν ἡμῖν οἱ ἀπ᾽ 
ἀρχῆς αὐτόπται καὶ ὑπηρέται γενόμενοι τοῦ λόγου, ἔδοξε κἀμοὶ παρηκολουθηκότι 
ἄνωθεν πᾶσιν ἀκριβῶς καθεξῆς σοι γράψαι, κράτιστε Θεόφιλε, ἵνα ἐπιγνῷς περὶ 


ὧν κατηχήθης λόγων τὴν ἀσφάλειαν. 


REVIEW OF OPINION. 


fhiph. Har SI-6 Parristic:—Point of view—Harmonistic. Problem—Origin of 


7) ι ᾿ κάστῳ λέξειν 


ens 19d οἱ per eaees 


ελισ ταὶ -- “πὰ μῈν 
ΜΝ 


yws καὶ low 5 
u ῷ τὰ Seif Orv 
7 


L wa cade 
Ch 


TA 

dnd Bt vta ( 
os 5% yet 

ta), ἃ ae ha in ag4 
os 

ΕΘ ΆΜΟΝ patfo> 

v BY / a 

ς ava? or 


difference. Indirect—oral; Chrysostom—Mk. from Peter. Direct—- 
Augustine; Mk. abbreviator of Matt. Mopern:—Point of view— 
Genetic. Problem — Origin of agreement. Direct — Griesbach ; 
Priority of (Gk) Matt. Direct—Storr, Koppe, Wilke, Weisse; 
Priority of Mk. Indirect—oral. Giesseler, Westcott, Veit, D. 
Smith. Indirect-written (Original Aramaic Gospel)—Grotius, Les- 
sing, Eichhorn, Herder, Baur, Hilgenfeld. Two-Document Hypoth- 
esis—Direct (Mk. or UrMk.) and Indirect-written (Discourse- 
source of Matt. and Lk.—Logia, Q). Holtzmann—Logia and 
UrMk (Mk-); later Logia, Mk. and use of Matt. by Lk. Weiz- 
siicker—Logia and UrMk (Mk-+). Wernle—Logia (in. variant 
forms) and Mk. (in variant text-recensions). B. Weiss—Logia 
and Peter’s discottrses used by Mk.; Logia and Mk. used by Matt. ; 
Logia, Mk. and sp source (Lygused by Lk. Problems Sei 
acter and content σ᾽ ia (exclusivVé,of Passion—B. Weiss, Har- 
nack). Time of Logia’ (before Jesus’“death—Ramsay). Sources 
of Mk. (UrMk—Greek, ffmann, Wendling; Aramaic, Well- 
hausen; anecdotes, Bacon). ὶ 












JOHN 29 


cx. Titik GOSPEL ‘OF. JOHN. 


JOHANNINE PrositeM. Historical in character. Relation 

of the Fourth Gospel to Synoptic Gospels. 

2. HustTory ΟΕ CRITICISM. 
1) Historical. (1) Negative:—Alogi (2C), Deists (18C), Bret- 
schneider 1820, Tiibingen School, Dutch, English, Keim, Weizsacker, 
Holtzmann, Schmiedel, Ritschlian School (Harnack, Jiilicher), 
French (Havet, Réville, Loisy), Bousset, Corssen, Schwartz, Heit- 
muller, Bacon, Scott. (2) Positive:—Patristic Tradition, Liicke 
1833, Bleek, Guericke, Luthardt, Meyer, Beyschlag, B. Weiss, P. 
Ewald, Zahn, Barth, Godet, Cornely, Gutjahr, Camerlynck, Belser, 
Lightfoot, Westcott, E. Abbot, Watkins, Salmon, Sanday, J. Drum- 
mond (on authorship), Stanton. 
2) Literary. Schweizer, Weisse, Schenkel, Delff, Wendt, Spitta, 
Bacon, Soltau, Schwartz, Wellhausen. 


3. EXTERNAL EVIDENCE. 

1) Author :—John (Euseb. HE. iii. 24. 5-15; Hier. in Matth. argum., 
de vir. ill. ix; Orig. in Joan. v. 3; Monarch. Prolog.; Iren. haer. iii. 

tr; ΠΥ τ: Marc. iv. 2; Clem: Alex. in. Euseb, (HE. vi. 14) 7; 
Mur. Can.; Theoph. ad Autol. ii. 22). 2) Place and Time:— 
Ephesus—John in old age; after Syn. Gospels (Epiph. haer. li. 12). 
3) Use:—Tatian, Clem. Hom., Epis. of L.and V., Epis. to Diogn., 
Justin, Gnostic (2©), Protey: of. fas, «ΟΡ: of Peter, Leucian 
Acts of Joht* * Montanists, Pasch. ontrov., Elders of Clem. 
Alex., Elders of Iren., Papias, Mk.:xvi. 9-20, Ign., Barn., Herm., 
1 Clem., Did., Joh. Trad. in Past. Epis. 4) Ephesian Residence :— 
(1) Positive Evidence. Iren. in Euseb. HE. v. 20, 4-8; haer. iii. 3, 4 
ΠΕ ΠΕ sal: -y,245 haer. i. 22, 55 ii.-1, 15 i. 11, 13. Vv. 30, 3; Vv 
aa.°4; Elders of Iren.; Clem. Alex. in Euseb: HE. iii. 23, 5-19; 
Polycrates in Euseb. HE. iii. 31, 3; v. 24, 3; Leucian Acts of John, 
Justin, Dial. Ixxxi; Apoc. i. 1, 4, 9; xxii. 8; cf. 1. 4-111. 22; as to age 
cf. Jno. xxi. 2, 22-23, 24 cf. xix. 35. (2) Negative Criticism (Denial 
of Eph. res. and Pres. John Hyp.) a) Sources of Irenaeus :—(a) 
Papias. Eusebian interpretation and two-John hypothesis (Dio- 
nysius of Alex. 3C). Modern theory of confusion. (b) Memory of 
Polycarp. Ὁ) Argumentum e silentio:—Iren. and Euseb. concerning 
Papias, Ign., Poly., Mart. of Poly., Clem. of Rome. c) Tradition of 
(early) Martyrdom:—(a) Papias in Codex Coisilianus 305 (10- 


30 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


11C) of Chronicon of Georgius Hamartolus (gC) and in Codex 
Baroccianus 142 (6-8C) of an Epitome containing passages from 
Eusebius with additions thought to be from Philippus Sidetes (5C) 
edited by de Boor, 1888. (Ὁ) Syriac Martyrology (40). (c) Mk. 
x. 35-40; Matt. xx. 20-23. (d) Aphraates, Hom. xxi. (e) Ephraem. 
(f) Heracleon in Clem. Alex. Strom. iv.9. (5) Martyrium Andrae 
Prius. (h) Mur. Can. (i) Chrysostom. 


§ 29. Euseb. HE 111. 24. 5-15:—opws δ᾽ οὖν ἐξ ἁπάντων τῶν τοῦ κυρίου 
a bay oe ; te tee ζ πόχει, 5 
διατριβῶν (v. 1. μαθητῶν, ἀποστόλων, Ruf. ex ipsts discipults) πυπομνήηματα 
r “ ΄ a \ 
Ματθαῖος ἡμῖν καὶ ᾿Ιωάννης μόνοι καταλελοίπασιν - os καὶ ἐπάναγκες ἐπὶ τὴν 
“ lol «ε ’ὔ 
γραφὴν ἐλθεῖν κατέχει λόγος. Ματθαῖός τε γὰρ πρότερον “EBpators κηρύξας, 
δ , ΄ a ἢ sew 
ὡς ἤμελλεν καὶ ἐφ᾽ ἑτέρους ἰέναι, πατρίῳ γλώττῃ γραφῇ παραδοὺς τὸ κατ᾽ αὐτὸν 
A - a , a Ν a 
εὐαγγέλιον, TO λεῖπον τῇ αὐτοῦ παρουσίᾳ τούτοις ad’ ὧν ἐστέλλετο, διὰ τῆς 
al αὶ a“ ΄σ cA Ν 
γραφῆς ἀπεπλήρου- ἤδη δὲ Μάρκου καὶ Λουκᾶ τῶν κατ᾽ αὐτοὺς εὐαγγελίων τὴν 
, ΄ ἊΝ ‘ / 
ἔκδοσιν πεποιημένων, ᾿Ιωάννην φασὶ τὸν πάντα χρόνον ἀγράφῳ κεχρημένον 
κηρύγματι, τέλος καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν γραφὴν ἐλθεῖν τοιᾶσδε χάριν αἰτίας. τῶν προανα- 
Σ ς : ; 
γραφέντων τριῶν εἰς πάντας ἤδη Kal εἰς αὐτὸν διαδεδομένων͵ ἀποδέξασθαι μέν φασιν, 
, - , ΄ XA ΕΣ ΄ “ ἢ ‘ ἣν Lal 
ἀλήθειαν αὐτοῖς ἐπιμαρτυρήσαντα, μόνην δὲ ἄρα λείπεσθαι Ty, ypadhy τὴν περὶ τῶν 
Ἐ ἐπ: a a ΄ 
ἐν πρώτοις καὶ κατ᾽ ἀρχὴν τοῦ κηρύγματος ὑπὸ τοῦ Χριστοῦ πεπραγμένων διήγησιν. 
i - - a ΄ ΄ 
καὶ ἀληθής γε ὃ λόγος. τοὺς τρεῖς γοῦν εὐαγγελιστὰς συνιδεῖν πάρεστιν μόνα 
ὸ ὰ τὴν ἐν τῷ ὃ tw ᾿Ιωάννου τοῦ βαπτιστοῦ κάθειρξιν ἐφ᾽ ἕνα ἐνιαυτὸν 
τὰ μετὰ τὴν ἐν τῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ ᾿Ιωάν 7 pé 


᾽ 
᾽ ἐπισημηναμένους κατ 


, nw a , > Ν an 
πεπραγμένα τῷ σωτῆρι συγγεγραφότας αὐτὸ τε τοῦτ 
΄ ΄σ lol ’ ΄ A 
ἀρχὰς τῆς αὐτῶν ἱστορίας - μετὰ γοῦν τὴν τεσσαρακονταήμερον νηστείαν καὶ 
Ν seu ΄ \ \ , a 50 7 a ε \ a A 
τὸν ἐπὶ ταύτῃ πειρασμὸν τὸν χρόνον τῆς ἰδίας γραφῆς ὃ μὲν Ματθαῖος δηλοῖ 
; ‘er : δ τὰν 
: «(ἀκούσας δὲ ὅτι ᾿Ιωάννης παρεδόθη, ἀνεχώρησεν᾽᾽ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰουδαίας “eis τὴν 
έγων ἧς παρ χώρ 
a " , >? , 
TadiAatav”, ὁ δὲ Μάρκος ὡσαύτως “μετὰ δὲ τὸ παραδοθῆναι ᾽ φησίν ““᾿Ιωάννην 
i lal N 4 A “ Ν Ja ΄“ lol 
ἦλθεν ᾿Ιησοῦς εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν ᾿᾽, καὶ ὁ Λουκᾶς δὲ πρὶν ἄρξασθαι τῶν τοῦ 
5 - ΄ I 2 - ΄ ε Ν θ ‘ ‘A “ὃ - 
Ιησοῦ πράξεων, παραπλησίως ἐπιτηρεῖ, φάσκων. ὡς ἄρα προσθεὶς Hpwoys οἷς 
, a a , 
διεπράξατο πονηροῖς, “Ἥ κατέκλεισε τὸν ᾿Ιωάννην ἐν φυλακῇ ᾿. παρακληθέντα 
\ > ¢ 2 ? Ν ε Ν - yy 
δὴ οὖν τούτων ἕνεκά φασι τὸν ἀπόστολον ᾿Ιωάννην τὸν ὑπὸ τῶν προτέρων 
i : = igh A 
εὐαγγελιστῶν παρασιωπηθέντα χρόνον καὶ τὰ κατὰ τοῦτον πεπραγμένα TH σωτῆρι 
ῦ ) ἣν Ta πρὸ TH v dD καθείρξ D > αὐτὸν εὐαγγελί 
(ταῦτα δ᾽ ἣν τὰ' πρὸ τῆς τοῦ βαπτιστοῦ καθείρξεως) τῷ κατ᾽ αὐτὸν εὐαγγελίῳ 
=~ ΄ an) , \ Ν ΄ ΄ > ‘ 
παραδοῦναι, αὐτό τε τοῦτ᾽ ἐπισημήνασθαι, τοτὲ μὲν φήσαντα “ ταύτην ἀρχὴν 
lal “ Q , “ ~ 
ἐποίησεν τῶν παραδόξων ὃ “Ingots”, τοτὲ δὲ μνημονεύσαντα τοῦ βαπτιστοῦ 
΄ . - , c m” , δ 5» τ Ν > Ν Lal vA 
μεταξὺ τῶν Ἰησοῦ πράξεων ὡς ἔτι τότε βαπτίζοντος ἐν Αἰνὼν ἐγγὺς τοῦ Σαλείμ, 
am a ΘΑ ΤΆ 4 , wy Na Bag , , > 
σαφῶς τε τοῦτο δηλοῦν ἐν τῷ λέγειν “ οὔπω yap Hv ᾿Ιωάννης βεβλημένος εἰς 
7) ὑκοῖν ὃ μὲν “Twa τοῦ ᾿ αὐτὸν εὐ Alo φῇ τὰ 
φυλακήν ". οὐκοῖν ὁ μὲν Ἰωάννης τῇ τοῦ κατ᾽ αὐτὸν εὐαγγελίου γραφῇ τὰ 
" a : , erie δ | 
μηδέπω τοῦ βαπτιστοῦ εἰς φυλακὴν βεβλημένου πρὸς τοῦ Χριστοῦ πραχθέντα 
(ὃ i δὲ λοιποὶ τρεῖς εὖ λ ὶ τὸ ὰ τὴν εἰς τὸ δησμωτήριον 
παραδίδωσιν, οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ τρεῖς εὐαγγελισταὶ τὰ μετὰ τὴν εἰ ἡσμωτήρ 


, a a ΄ Ξ e ν > ΄ 3 fay Ye) δόξ 
κάθειρξιν του βαπτιστοῦ μνημονευουσιν OLS καὶ ETLOTYOAVTL OVKET ἂν OOCAL 


JOHN eT 


διαφωνεῖν ἀλλήλοις τὰ εὐαγγέλια τῷ τὸ μὲν κατὰ ᾿Ιωάννην τὰ πρῶτα τῶν TOD 
Χριστοῦ πράξεων περιέχειν, τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ τὴν ἐπὶ τέλει τοῦ χρόνου αὐτῷ γεγενη- 
μένην ἱστορίαν - εἰκότως δ᾽ οὖν τὴν μὲν τῆς σαρκὸς τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν γενεα- 
λογίαν ἅτε Ματθαίῳ καὶ Λουκᾷ προγραφεῖσαν ἀποσιωπῆσαι τὸν Ἰωάννην, τῆς 
δὲ θεολογίας ἀπάρξασθαι ὡς ἂν αὐτῷ πρὸς τοῦ θείου πνεύματος οἷα κρείττονι 
παραπεφυλαγμένης. ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἡμῖν περὶ τῆς τοῦ κατὰ ᾿Ιωάννηι' εὐαγγελίου 
γραφῆς εἰρήσθω, καὶ τῆς κατὰ Μάρκον δὲ ἡ γενομένη αἰτία ἐν τοῖς πρόσθεν ἡμῖν 
δεδήλωται - ὁ δὲ Λουκᾶς ἀρχόμενος καὶ αὐτὸς τοῦ Kar’ αὐτὸν συγγράμματος τὴν 
αἰτίαν προύθηκεν δι᾿ ἣν πεποίηται τὴν σύνταξιν, δηλῶν ὡς ἄρα πολλῶν καὶ ἄλλων 
προπετέστερον ἐπιτετηδευκότων διήγησιν ποιήσασθαι ὧν αὐτὸς πεπληροφόρητο 
λόγων, ἀναγκαίως ἀπαλλάττων ἡμᾶς τῆς περὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἀμφηρίστου ὑπολή- 
Wews, τὸν ἀσφαλῆ λόγον ὧν αὐτὸς ἱκανῶς τὴν ἀλήθειαν κατειλήφει ἐκ τῆς ἅμα 
Παύλῳ συνουσίας τε καὶ διατριβῆς καὶ τῆς τῶν λοιπῶν ἀποστόλων ὁμιλίας 
ὠφελημένος, διὰ τοῦ ἰδίου παρέδωκεν εὐαγγελίου. 

§ 30. Hier. de vir. ill. ix. Iohannes apostolus quem Iesus amevit pluri- 
mum, filius Zebedaei et frater Iacobi apostoli quem Herodes post passionem 
Domini decollavit, novissimus omnium scripsit Evangelium, rogatus ab Asiae 
episcopis, adversus Cerinthum aliosque haereticos et maxime tune Ebionitarum 
dogma consurgens, qui adserunt Christum ante Mariam non fuisse. Unde 
etiam conpulsus est divinam eius nativitatem edicere. Sed et aliam causam 
huius scripturae ferunt, quod, cum legisset Matthaei, Marci et Lucae 
volumina, probaverit quidem textum historiae et vera eos dixisse firmaverit, 
sed unius tantum anni in quo et passus est post carcerem Iohannis, historiam 
texuisse. Praetermisso itaque anno cuius acta a tribus exposita fuerant, 
superioris temporis, antequam Iohannes clauderetur in carcerem, gesta nar- 
ravit, sicut manifestum esse poterit his qui diligenter quattuor Evangeliorum 
volumina legerint. Quae res et διαφωνίαν, quae videtur Tohannis esse cum 
ceteris, tollit. 

Scripsit autem et unam Epistulam cuius exordium est, ‘Quod fuit ab 
initio, quod audivimus et vidimus oculis nostris, quod perspeximus et manus 
nostrae temptaverunt de verbo vitae’, quae ab universis ecclesiasticis et 
eruditis viris probatur. Reliquae autem duae quarum principium est, ‘Senior 
electae dominae et natis eius’ et sequentis: ‘Senior Gaio carissimo, quem ego 
diligo in veritate’ Iohannis presbyteri adseruntur, cuius et hodie alterum 
sepulcrum apud Ephesum ostenditur; et nonnulli putant duas memorias 
eiusdem JIohannis evangelistae esse; super qua re, cum per ordinem ad 
Papiam auditorem eius ventum feurit, disseremus. 

Quarto decimo igitur anno, secundam post Neronem persecutionem mov- 
ente Domitiano, in Patmos insulam relegatus, scripsit Apocalypsin, quam 
interpretantur Iustinus martyr et Irenaeus. Interfecto autem Domitiano et 
actis eius ob nimiam crudelitatem a senatu rescissis, sub Nerva redit Ephesum 
ibique usque ad Traianum principem perseverans totas Asiae fundavit rexitque 
ecclesias et confectus senio et sexagesimo octavo post passionem Domini anno 
mortuus, iuxta eandem urbem sepultus est. 

§ 31. Hier. Prologus ex Comment. in Matth. Ultimus Iohannes apos- 


32 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


tolus et euangelista, quem Iesus amauit plurimum, qui super pectus domini 
recumbens purissima doctrinarum fluenta potauit, et qui solus de cruce meruit 
audire Ecce mater tua. Is cum esset in Asia et iam tunc hereticorum semina 
pullularent, Cerinthi Hebionis et ceterorum qui negant Christum in carne 
uenisse, quos et ipse in epistula sua antichristos uocat et apostolus Paulus 
frequenter percutit, coactus est ab omnibus paene tunc Asiae episcopis et 
multarum ecclesiarum legationibus, de diuinitate saluatoris altius scribere et 
ad ipsum ut ita dicam dei uerbum non tam audaci quam felici temeritate 
prorumpere, ut ecclesiastica narrat historia, cum a fratibus cogeretur ut 
scriberet, ita facturum respondisse si indicto ieiunio in commune omnes deum 
deprecarentur; quo expleto reuelatione saturatus in illud prohemium caelo 
ueniens eructauit In principio erat uerbum, et uerbum erat apud deum, et deus 
erat hoc uerbum; hoc erat in principio apud deum. 

$32. Argumentum Euangelii Secundum TIohannem (text after 
Corssen). Hic est Iohannes euangelista unus ex discipulis Dei, qui virgo 
electus a Deo est, quem de nuptiis volentem nubere vocavit Deus. Cui 
virginitatis in hoc duplex testimonium in euangelio datur, quod et prae 
ceteris dilectus a Deo dicitur et huic matrem suam iens ad crucem commen- 
davit Deus, ut virginem virgo servaret. Denique manifestans in euangelio 
quod erat ipse incorruptibilis, verbi opus inchoans solus verbum caro factum 
esse nec lumen a tenebris conprehensum fuisse testatur, primum signum 
ponens quod in nuptiis fecit Deus, ut ostendens quod erat ipse, legentibus 
demonstraret, quod ubi Dominus invitatur deficere nuptiarum vinum debeat 
ac veteribus inmutatis- nova omnia quae a Christo instituuntur appareant. 
De quo singula quaeque in mysterio acta vel dicta euangelii ratio quaerentibus 
monstrat. Hoc autem euangelium scripsit in Asia, posteaquam in Pathmos 
insula apocalypsin scripserat,...Et hic est Johannes, qui sciens supervenisse 
diem recessus sui convocatis discipulis suis in Epheso per multa signorum 
experimenta promens Christum descendens in defossum sepulturae suae 
locum facta oratione positus est ad patres suos tam extraneus a dolore 
mortis quam a corruptione carnis invenitur alienus.... 

§ 33. Theophilus, ad Autolycum. ii. 22. Ὁπότε δὲ ἠθέλησεν ὃ θεὸς ποιῆσαι 
ὅσα ἐβουλεύσατο, τοῦτον τὸν λόγον ἐγέννησεν προφορικόν, πρωτότοκον πάσης 
κτίσεως. οὐ κενωθεὶς αὐτὸς τοῦ λόγου, ἀλλὰ λόγον γεννήσας καὶ τῷ λόγῳ αὐτοῦ 
διὰ παντὸς ὁμιλῶν. Ὅθεν διδάσκουσιν ἡμᾶς at ἅγιαι γραφαὶ καὶ πάντες οἱ 
πνευματοφόροι, ἐξ ὧν ᾿Ιωάννης λέγει - Ἔν ἀρχῇ ἣν ὃ λόγος, καὶ 6 λόγος ἣν πρὸς 
τὸν θεόν - δεικνὺς ὅτι ἐν πρώτοις μόνος ἣν 6 θεὸς καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ 6 λόγος. "Ereara 
λέγει - Καὶ θεὸς ἢν ὃ λόγος - πάντα δι᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο καὶ χωρὶς αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο 
οὐδὲ ἕν. Θεὸς οὖν ὧν ὃ λόγος καὶ ἐκ θεοῦ πεφυκώς, ὁπόταν βούληται ὁφπατὴρ 
τῶν ὅλων πέμπει αὐτὸν εἴς τινα τόπον, ὃς παραγινόμενος καὶ ἀκούεται καὶ ὁρᾶται, 
πεμπόμενος UT αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐν τόπῳ εὑρίσκεται. 

§ 34. Polycrates in Euseb. HE. iii. 31. 3. “καὶ γὰρ κατὰ τὴν ᾿Ασίαν μεγάλα 
στοιχεῖα κεκοίμηται - ἅτινα ἀναστήσεται TH ἐσχάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ 
κυρίου, ἐν ἡ ἔρχεται μετὰ δόξης ἐξ οὐρανοῦ καὶ ἀναζητήσει πάντας τοὺς ἁγίους, 


,ὔ lol « ig ‘ , 
Φίλιππον τῶν δώδεκα ἀποστόλων, ὃς κεκοίμηται ἐν Ἱεραπόλει καὶ δύο θυγατέρες 


JOHN 33 


αὐτοῦ γεγηρακυῖαι παρθένοι Kai ἡ ἑτέρα αὐτοῦ θυγάτηρ ἐν ἀγίῳ πνεύματι 
΄ > If , 3 ΄ » . wes , ἘΣ τας Ἢ a a 
πολιτευσαμένη ἐν ᾿Πφέσῳ ἀναπαύεται - ἔτι δὲ καὶ ᾿Ιωάννης, 6 ἐπὶ τὸ στῆθος τοῦ 
, 3 , a > , ε ‘ \ , ‘ ‘ ΄ ‘ 
κυρίου ἀναπεσών, ὃς ἐγενήθη ἱερεὺς TO πέταλον πεφορεκὼς καὶ μάρτυς καὶ 
φ 

διδάσκαλος, οὗτος ἐν ᾿Εφέσῳ κεκόιμηται. 

§ 35. Iren. in Euseb. ΠΕ. iii. 23. 3-4. “καὶ πάντες οἱ πρεσβύτεροι μαρτυ- 
- 4. Ἀ Ν » ’ 3 tg a“ - , “ , 

povow οἱ κατὰ τὴν ᾿Ασίαν ᾿Ιωάννῃ τῷ τοῦ κυρίου μαθητῇ συμβεβληκότες Tapa- 


, ν -» a ΄ a « - ΄ ᾽ 
δεδωκέναι τὸν ᾿Ιωάννην. παρέμεινεν γὰρ αὐτοῖς μέχρι τῶν Τραϊανοῦ χρόνων." 


"ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ ἐν ᾿Εφέσῳ ἐκκλησία ὑπὸ ]αύλου μὲν τεθεμελιωμένη, ᾿Ιωάννου δὲ 
παραμείναντος αὐτοῖς μέχρι τῶν Τραϊανοῦ χρόνων, μάρτυς ἀληθής ἐστιν τῆς τῶν 
ἀποστόλων παραδόσεως." 
§ 26. Papias in Euseb. HE. iii. 30. 1-4. τοὺ δὲ Παπία συγγράμματα πέντε 
‘\ > x , a Ν 3 / , cal > ΄ , 
τὸν ἀριθμὸν φέρεται, ἃ Kai ἐπιγέγραπται Λογίων κυριακῶν ἐξηγήσεως. τούτων 
καὶ Εἰρηναῖος ὥς μόνων αὐτῷ γραφέντων μνημονεύει, ὧδέ πως λέγων 
“ ταῦτα δὲ καὶ Παπίας 6 ᾿Ιωάννου μὲν ἀκουστής, Πολυκάρπου δὲ ἐταῖρος 
’ 3 Lal > , ΕῚ ’ 5 “a 9 -“ ’ Lol e Lal δι 
γεγονώς, ἀρχαῖος ἀνήρ, ἐγγράφως ἐπιμαρτυρεῖ ἐν τῇ τετάρτῃ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ βιβλίων. 
ἔστιν γὰρ αὐτῷ πέντε βιβλία συντεταγμένα." 
καὶ ὃ μὲν Ἑϊρηναῖος ταῦτα - αὐτός ye μὴν 6 Παπίας κατὰ τὸ προοίμιον τῶν 
αὐτοῦ λόγων ἀκροατὴν μὲν καὶ αὐτόπτην οὐδαμῶς ἑαυτὸν γενέσθαι τῶν ἱερῶν 
ἀποστόλων ἐμφαίνει, παρειληφέναι δὲ τὰ τῆς πίστεως παρὰ τῶν ἐκείνοις γνωρίμων 
διδάσκει δι᾽ ὧν φησιν λέξεων 
« 3 > / ὃ ΄ ν σ Ν Ν lol ΄ lad 
οὐκ ὀκνήσω δέ σοι Kal ὅσα ποτὲ παρὰ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων καλῶς 
ἔμαθον καὶ καλῶς ἐμνημόνευσα, συγκατατάξαι' ταῖς ἑρμηνείαις, διαβε- 
, ε Ν > Las 3 / > ‘ ἴω ‘ Ν , μι σ 
βαιούμενος ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἀλήθειαν. οὐ γὰρ τοῖς τὰ πολλὰ λέγουσιν ἔχαιρον ὥσπερ 
οἱ πολλοί, ἀλλὰ τοῖς τἀληθῆ διδάσκουσιν, οὐδὲ τοῖς τὰς ἀλλοτρίας ἐντολὰς 
μνημονεύουσιν, ἀλλὰ τοῖς τὰς παρὰ τοῦ κυρίου τῇ πίστει δεδομένας καὶ ἀπ᾽ 
αὐτὴς Tapaywopevas” τῆς ἀληθείας - εἰ δέ που καὶ παρηκολουθηκώς τις τοῖς 
πρεσβυτέροις ἔλθοι, τοὺς τῶν πρεσβυτέρων ἀνέκρινον λόγους, τί ᾿Ανδρέας ἢ τί 
΄ Ὁ ΄ a Ἃ Ἃ = 
Πέτρος εἶπεν ἢ τί Φίλιππος ἢ τί Θωμᾶς ἢ Ἰάκωβος ἢ τί Ἰωάννης 7) Ματθαῖος 
ἥ τις ἕτερος τῶν τοῦ κυρίου μαθητῶν a τε ᾿Αριστίων καὶ ὃ πρεσβύτερος ᾿Ιωάννης͵ 
-“ , a] »5 , 5 ἈΝ Ν > ΄ ’ Lal ΄ 
τοῦ κυρίου μαθηταί", λέγουσιν. οὐ γὰρ τὰ ἐκ τῶν βιβλίων τοσοῦτόν με 
> = = . a \ , 
ὠφελεῖν ὑπελάμβανον ὅσον τὰ παρὰ ζώσης φωνῆς καὶ μενούσης." 
'ἰσυντάξαι. “παραγινομένοις, παραγενομένοις. “οὐδ᾽ εἴπου. *Haussleiter omits 
ἢ τί ᾿Ιωάννης. ὅ οἱ τοῦ κυμαθηταί. Hier. discipuli domini. Rufin. ceterique 
discipuli. Syr. omits. Conjectural emendation: Renan,oi τοῦ κυρίου [μαθη- 
τῶν] μαθηταί. Abbott, οἱ [τῶν] τοῦ κυρίου [μαθητῶν] μαθηταί. Bacon, οἱ 
τοῦτων (sc} τῶν ἀποστόλων] μαθηταί -- OITOYTQNMA@HTAI became 
OITOYKYMA@HTAI. Mommsen omits with Syr. 
§ 37. Euseb. HE. iii. 39. 5-7 (Interpretation of Papias) : ἔνθα καὶ ἐπιστῆ- 
σαι ἄξιον δὶς καθαριθμοῦ ὑτῷ τὸ ᾿Ιωάννου ov ὧν τὸν μὲ τερον 11έ 
ι ἄξιον δὶς καθαριθμοῦντι αὐτῷ τὸ ᾿Ιωάννου ὄνομα, ὧν τὸν μὲν πρότερον Ἰ]έτρῳ 


καὶ Ἰακώβῳ καὶ Ματθαίῳ καὶ τοῖς λοιποῖς ἀποστόλοις συγκαταλέγει, σαφῶς 


34 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


ὃ XG Ν 3 λ , Ν δ᾽ ΄ | , ὃ ir ‘ Xo a," 4 
nr@v τὸν εὐαγγελιστήν, τὸν δ᾽ ἕτερον ᾿Ιωάννην, διαστείλας τὸν λόγον, ἑτέροις 
Ν x “- 3 ’ 3 6 ἈΝ , BE 3 A ‘ s , 
παρὰ τὸν τῶν ἀποστόλων ἀριθμὸν κατατάσσει, προτάξας αὐτοῦ τὸν ᾿Αριστίωνα, 

n yb “4 . > , ε ἣν Ν ΄ 3 ΄ Ν 
σαφῶς τε αὐτὸν πρεσβύτερον ὀνομάζει - ὡς καὶ διὰ τούτων ἀποδείκνυσθαι τὴν 
ε ΄ > a a , ν χ ᾿ , ε ΄ a 9 , ΄ 
ἱστορίαν ἀληθῆ τῶν δύο κατὰ τὴν ᾿Ασίαν ὁμωνυμίᾳ κεχρῆσθαι εἰρηκότων δύο τε 
> Ede "ἐσθ la wy Ve ΄ nel | efi ” a λέ θ ὮΝ bn) 
ἐν "Edeow γενέσθαι μνήματα καὶ ἑκάτερον ᾿Ιωάννου ἔτι viv λέγεσθαι - οἷς καὶ avay- 
καῖον προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν, εἰκὸς γὰρ τὸν δεύτερον, εἰ μή τις ἐθέλοι τὸν πρῶτον, 

Ν Sa sy" ES ee , ’ 7 5 ΄ὔ ε , «ΔῈ an peer te 3 
τὴν ἐπ᾿ ὀνόματος φερομένην ᾿Ιωάννου ἀποκάλυψιν ἑορακέναι. καὶ ὃ νῦν δὲ ἡμῖν 
δηλούμενος Ἰ]απίας τοὺς μὲν τῶν ἀποστόλων λόγους παρὰ τῶν αὐτοῖς παρηκο- 
a a / 

λουθηκότων ὁμολογεῖ παρειληφέναι, ᾿Αριστίωνος δὲ καὶ τοῦ πρεσβυτέρου 
) , Cea g ε ΄ , > \ n , stn 
Ἰωάννου αὐτήκοον ἑαυτόν φησι γενέσθαι: ὀνομαστὶ γοῦν πολλάκις αὐτῶν 
μνημονεύσας ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῦ συγγράμμασιν τίθησιν αὐτῶν παραδόσεις. 

§ 38. Fragment of Papias in Codex Baroccianus 142, ed. C. de Boor, TU. 
1888 (after quotation from Euseb. HE. iii. 39 and 25). Παπίας ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ 

o . , lal ἊΝ , 
λόγῳ λέγει ὅτι ᾿Ιωάννης 6 θευλόγος Kai ᾿Ιάκωβος 6 ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ ὑπὸ Ἰουδαίων 
> , 
ἀνῃρέθησαν. 

§ 39. Fragment of Papias in Codex Coislinianus 305 of the Chronicon of 

= ay 
Georgius Hamartolus. Mera δὲ Δομετιανὸν ἐβασίλευσε Nepovas ἔτος ev, ὃς 
cal “ ,ὔ , 
ἀνακαλεσάμενος ᾿Ιωάννην ἐκ τῆς νήσου ἀπέλυσεν οἰκεῖν ἐν "Edeow. μόνος τότε. 

Ἂς fad ΄ 5 “ / “ Ν , ἣν Ἵ 3: EN 

περιὼν TO βίῳ ἐκ τῶν δώδεκα μαθητῶν καὶ συγγραψάμενος TO κατ᾽ αὐτὸν 
3 " 4 εἰ iA ΄ Ν . c Δ > / 
εὐαγγέλιον μαρτυρίου κατηξίωται. Llamias yap 6 ᾿ἹἹεραπόλεως ἐπίσκοπος, 
lal an “ ΄ /, 
αὐτόπτης τούτου γενόμενος, ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ λόγῳ TOV κυριακῶν λογίων φάσκει, 
“ lal ἂν lal Lal 
ὅτι ὑπὸ Ιουδαίων ἀνῃρέθη - πληρώσας δηλαδὴ μετὰ TOD ἀδελφοῦ τὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ 
cal “ Ἂς / 

περὶ αὐτῶν πρόρρησιν Kal τὴν ἑαυτῶν ὁμολογίαν περὶ τούτου Kal συγκατάθεσιν - 
5. εὐῆς x ε » Ν 3 , , a \ , Be ἡ ὧν , Ἂ, 
εἰπὼν γὰρ ὃ κύριος πρὸς αὐτούς - Δύνασθε πιεῖν τὸ ποτήριον ὃ ἐγὼ πίνω ; καὶ 
΄ , ‘ / Ν ’ ΄ ,’ / 6 Ν 
κατανευσάντων προθύμως καὶ συνθεμένων - TO ποτήριόν μου, φησίν, πίεσθε καὶ 

ς ἐφ > »;.: Ν 
τὸ βάπτισμα ὃ ἐγὼ βαπτίζομαι βαπτισθήσεσθε. καὶ εἰκότως. ἀδύνατον γὰρ 

a κ᾿ “ 

θεὸν ψεύσασθαι. οὕτω δὲ καὶ 6 πολυμαθὴς Ὠριγένης ἐν ty κατὰ Ματθαῖον 

ε , ὃ ἴω ε « , Ἵ , 5 “ ὃ ὃ ΄ “ 
ἑρμηνείᾳ διαβεβαιοῦται, ὡς ὅτι μεμαρτύρηκεν ᾿Ιωάννης, ἐκ τῶν διαδόχων τῶν 

~ \ \ \ ἈΝΕ she 
ἀποστόλων ὑποσημαινάμενος τοῦτο μεμαθηκέναι. Kal μὲν δὴ καὶ 6 πολυΐστωρ 
5 -“ cal ΄ lal Ν Ν ψ' »” 
Εὐσέβιος ὁ ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησιαστικῇ ἱστορίᾳ φησί: Θωμᾶς μὲν τὴν ΠΠαρθίαν εἴληχεν, 
, > ’ 
Ἰωάννης δὲ τὴν ᾿Ασίαν, πρὸς ovs καὶ διατρίψας ἐτελεύτησεν ἐν ᾿᾿Πφέσῳ. 

΄ 2 Ν - ε 

* Other mss. read, ἐν εἰρήνῃ ἀνεπαύσατο. Other mss read, περὶ ov ὁ 
πολυΐστωρ Εὐσέβιος κτλ after ἀνεπαύσατο. 

. . . Ἂν 

Conjectural emendation; Lightfoot, Παπίας... φάσκει ὅτι ᾿Ιωάννης [μὲν 

A ΄ a ΄ 7 7 ἊΝ 
ὑπὸ τοῦ Ῥωμαίων βασιλέως κατεδικάσθη μαρτυρῶν εἰς ἸΤάτμον, ᾿Ιάκωβος δὲ] 
ε ΚΝ , 3 / 
ὑπὸ ᾿Ιουδαίων ἀνῃρέθη. 
ails . , 5 \ \ ΄ 
§ 40. Origin, in Matth. xvi.6: πεπώκασι δὲ ποτήριον, καὶ τὸ βάπτισμα 
A ε ΄ Ν eee T/ 
ἐβαπτίσθησαν οἱ τοῦ Ζεβεδαίου υἱοί, ἐπείπερ Hpwdns μὲν ἀπέκτεινεν ᾿Ιάκωβον 
\ ε ΄ ΄ὔ 
τὸν Ἰωάννου μαχαίρᾳ: ὃ δὲ Ῥωμαίων βασιλεὺς, ὡς ἣ παράδοσις διδάσκει, 
a “ ΄ ig > δὰ Ν 
κατεδίκασε τὸν ᾿Ιωάννην μαρτυροῦντα διὰ τὸν τῆς ἀληθείας λόγον εἰς ἸΤάτμον τὴν 


vyoo . 


JOHN 35 


Conjectural reconstruction of source of de Boor Fragment and Chronicon: 
Bernard,—Common to both . . . ὑπὸ ᾿Ιουδαίων ἀνῃρέθη [σαν] OAAKA- 
᾿ POSTOYKYIAKQBOS read as OAAEA®OSAYTOYKAIIAKQBOS. 

ὃ 41. Afgumentum TIohannis ex Cod. Reginae Suetiae. Euangelium 
IoHannis manifestatum et datum ecclesiis ab Iohanne adhuc in corpore consti- 
tuto; sicut Papias nomine, Hieropolitanus, discipulus Iohannis carus, in 
exotericis,, id est in extremis” quinque libris retulit; descripsit uero euan- 
gelium dictante Johanne recte. Uerum Martion haereticus cum ab eo fuisset 
improbatus eo quod contraria sentiebat, abiectus est a lohanne. Is uero scripta 
uel epistolas ad eum pertulerat a fratribus qui in Ponto fuerunt. 

Conjectural emendation: Lightfoot, *exegeticis, *externis. Corssen, 
Ἰἐξωτερικοῖς,  externis or extraneis. Schwartz, ‘and * e&nyntikov εἼΞξπεμπτωι!. 

ὃ 42. Syriac Martyrology (Greek version of Duchesne). Τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν 
κυρίων ἡμῶν τῶν μαρτύρων (SC. ὁμολογητῶν) καὶ νικητῶν Kal αἱ ἡμέραι αὐτῶν 
ἐν αἷς ἔλαβον τοὺς στεφάνους. 

Myvi Κανοῦν τῷ προτέρῳ 

Ks’ καθ᾽ Ἕλληνας, ---( Ὃ πρῶτος μάρτυρ ἐν ἹἹεροσολύμοις, Στέφανος 6 
ἀπόστολος, ὃ κορυφαῖος τῶν μαρτύρων. καὶ κζ΄. Ἰωάννης καὶ Ἰάκωβος οἱ 
ἀπόστολοι ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις. 

καὶ κη΄ Κανοῦν τῷ προτέρῳ. --- 

Ἔν Ῥώμῃ τῇ πόλει Παῦλος ἀπόστολος καὶ Συμεὼν Κηφᾶς 6 κορυφαῖος τῶν 
ἀποστόλων τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν. 

4. INTERNAL EVIDENCE. 
1) Author:—not named, but eye-witness (1. 14, 16; xix. 26, 34; 
I Jn. i. 1-4; 1v. 14) and identified with John in xxi. 24. 2) Place 
and Time:—after Syn. Gospels (iii. 24), and author in old age 
(xxi. 22ff.). 3) Readers:—Christians familiar with Syn. tradition 
of Jesus’ life. 4) Purpose :—xx. 30—to set forth in a narrative of 
His life and work the essentially divine Jesus as the object of 
Christian faith and the source of spiritual life. Hier., Euseb., Clem. 
Alex. Relation to Syn. Gospels supplementary (narrative element 
and discourses). Testimony of John the Baptist. Reality of incar- 
nation, life, death and resurrection vs. docetism. Attitude toward 
Judaism. 5) Character :—a Gospel but historical and doctrinal vs. 
allegory and fiction or ideal history. Authenticity (geographical, 
linguistic, social, religious, political phenomena). Criticism of v. 2; 
ἘΠ AQ; ἘΠῚ Vili. 12: 

5: ΠΈΣΕ, 
1) Integrity :—(1) vii. 53-viii. 11. Omitted in & B-L T X A mss 
of it go sah cop syr *" “ arm Orig Chry Cyr Nonn Cosm Thphyl 
Tert marked with asterisk or obelisk in some mss, in 225 after vil. 26, 


36 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


in some after Lk. xxi, in others after end of Jn. Inserted in D I’ 
(from viii. τὸ}. GH K UT (EM SA II with asterisk or obelisk) 
Greek and Latin mss known to Hier mss of it vg aeth syr ™ Aug. 

Documentary, intrinsic and transcriptional evidence for omis- 
sion. Authenticity and theories of origin. 

(2) νε 4.. Omitted in .&°B C* D 33 157 234 mss! 01 ab andeye 
syr “ sah cop arm Nonn marked with asterisk in S ΠῚ with obelisk in 
As “Inserted im A Ὁ ἘΣ ΠΟΘΙ Kk Te (Ste πηι 
of itiversyr > ‘cop. arms Ghey Cyr Anna: 

Omission is Neutral ( Alex.) and Western; insertion Syrian. 

(3) xxi 25: Onitted in) iiserted- im Ne rere 
2) Order. Tatian and syr*” 


6. CONTENTS. 
Ie] PROLOGUE. |i. ἢ 19: 


1. Eternal Existence and Activity of the Logos. 1. 1-5. 
2. Function of John. 1. 6-8. 
3. Revealing Activity of the Logos. i. 9-13. 
4. Incarnation of the Logos. i. 14-18. 
II. INtTRopUCTION TO THE MeEssIANIC WorRK OF JESUS. 1. IQ-ii. 12. 
1. Witness of John and the First Disciples of Jesus. 1. 19-51. 
2. First Messianic Sign at Cana. ii. 1-1|. 
3. Sojourn in Capernaum. ii. 12. 
III. Messtanic Work OF JESUS. 11. 13-X1. 57. 
1. In Jerusalem and Judea. 11. 13-111. 36. 
1) Cleansing the Temple and Reference to the Passion (Passover). 
ii, 13-22. 
2) Signs in Jerusalem. 11. 23-25. 
3) Conversation with Nicodemus. 11]. 1-21. 
4) Work in Judea and Testimony of John. iii. 22-36. 
Zu 


In Samaria (Three Months before Harvest). iv. 1-42. 
1) Withdrawal from Judea and Journey through Samaria. iy. 1-6. 
2) Conversation with a Samaritan Woman at Jacob’s Well and 
Teaching concerning Messiahship and Spiritual Worship of 
God. iv. 7-42. 
3. In Galilee. iv. 43-54. 
1) Second Messianic Sign at Cana—Healing of Nobleman’s Son. 
4. In Jerusalem (Feast of the Jews) v. 1-47. 
1) Jesus Healing a Man at the Pool of Bethesda on the Sabbath 
and Teaching concerning His Relation to God. 
5. In Galilee (Passover). vi. I-vii. I. 
1) Feeding the 5,000 and Teaching concerning the Bread of Life. 
vi. I-71. 
2) Jesus Remains in Galilee because of the Hostility of the Jews. 
ὙΠ) 


IV. 


JOHN 37 


In Jerusalem. vii. 2-x. 42. 

1) Journey to Jerusalem (Tabernacles). vii. 2-13. 

2) Teaching in the Temple concerning the Law. vii. 14-31. 

3) Chief Priests and Pharisees seek to seize Jesus and Teaching 
concerning His Departure. vii. 32-37. 

4) Teaching concerning the Water of Life. vii. 37-52. 
(Pericope adulterae. vii. 53-vilil. 11) 

5) Teaching concerning the Light of the World. viii. 12-20. 

6) Teaching concerning His Departure. viii. 21-59. 

7) Healing a Blind Man on the Sabbath. ix. 1-41. 

8) Door of the Sheep and the Good Shepherd. x. 1-21. 

9) Witness of Jesus’ Works (Dedication). x. 22-39. 

10) Jesus retires beyond Jordan. x. 40-42. 

In Bethany and Jerusalem. xi. I-xii. 50. 

1) Teaching concerning the Resurrection and the Raising of Laza- 
rus. xi. 1-46. 

2) Decisien of the Sanhedrin to put Jesus ot Death. xi. 47-53. 

3) Jesus retires to Ephraim. xi. 54-57. 

4) Supper in Bethany (six days before Passover). xii. I-11. 

5) Triumphal Entry. xii. 12-109. 

6) Greeks seek Jesus and Teaching in Temple. xii. 20-50. 


PASSION OF JESUS. Xili. I-xxi. 25. 


ie 


ab 


COND 


Last Supper (Passover). xiii. I-xiv. 2321. 
1) Washing the Disciples’ Feet. xiii. 1-20. 
2) Announcement of Betrayal. xiii. 21-30. 
3) New Commandment of Love. xiii. 31-35. 
4) Announcement of Peter’s Denial. xiii. 36-38. 
5) Going Away of Jesus. xiv. I-14. 
6) Coming of the Paraclete. xiv. 15-31. 
Teaching concerning 
1) Vine and Branches. xv. I-16. 
2) Hatred of the World. xv. 17-xvi. 11. 
3) Spirit of Truth. . xvi. 12-16; 
4) Near Approach of Separation. xvi. 17-22. 
5) Prayer in Jesus’ Name. xvi. 23-33. 
High-Priestly Prayer of Jesus. xvii. 1-26. 
Arrest of Jesus. xviii. I-11. 
Trial of Jesus. xviii. 12-xix. 16. 
1) Before Annas. xviii. ‘12-14, 19-25. 

a) Peter’s Denial. xviii. 15-18, 25-27. 
2) Before Pilate. xviii. 28-xix. 16. 
Crucifixion. xix. 17-37. 
Burial. xix. 38-42. 
Resurrection. xx. I-xxi. 25. 
1) Empty Tomb. xxi. I-Io. 
2) Appearance to Mary Magdalene. xxi. 11-18. 
3) Appearance to Ten Disciples. xx. 19-23. 


38 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


4) Doubt of Thomas and Appearance to Eleven Disciples. xx. 24-29. 

5) Conclusion and Purpose of Gospel. xx. 30-31. 

6) Appearance to Seven Disciples in Galilee and Peter’s Commis- 
sion. XX1. *I-23. 

7) Witness of the Author. xxi. 24-25. 


Xx. POLITICAL CONDITIONS: 


1. ROMAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT. 

In 27 B. C. Augustus divided the provinces with the Senate (Dio 
Cassius liii. 12, cf. Strabo, 840). I. SENATORIAL PROVINCES. a) 
Consular. Ὁ) Praetorian. Administered by Proconsuls who held 
office yearly (with some exceptions, Marquardt i. 545, n 6) ; appoint- 
ment was by the Senate by lot (with Imperial supervision). II. 
IMPERIAL Provinces. a) Consular (Syria). b) Praetorian. Ad- 
ministered by Legates (legati Augusti pro praetore) who were ap- 
pointed by the Emperor and held office at his pleasure. c) Eques- 
trian (Judea). Administered by Procurators (with the jus gladi) 
who were responsible directly to the Emperor. 


ROMAN EMPERORS. 


Julius Caesar ¢ Mar. 15, 44 B. Ὁ. Titus 79-Sep 13, 81 

Battle of Actium Sep 2, 31 Domitian 81-Sep 18, 96 

Augustus’ Jan 27 B. C.-Aug19,14A.D. Nerva 96-Jan 25, 98 

Tiberius 14-Mar 16, 37 : Trajan 98-Aug 9, 117 

Caligula 37-Jan 24, 41 Hadrian 117-July to, 138 
Claudius 41-Oct 13, 54 Antonius Pius 138-Mar 7, 161 
Nero 54-June 9, 68 Marcus Aurelius 161-Mar 17, 180 
Galba, Otho, Vitellius 60 Lucius Verus 161-Jan-Feb 169 
Vespasian July 1-3, 69-June 23, 79 Commodus 1t80-Dece 31, 192 


*The reign of Augustus is variously reckoned from, a) Death of Julius 
Caesar, Mar 15, 44—57y, 5m, 5d. Ὁ) First Consulship, Aug 19, 43—56y. 
c) Triumvirate, Nov 27, 43—55y, 8m, 24d. d) Battle of Actium, Sep 2, 31— 
44y-14d. e) Entrance into Alexandria, Aug 29, 30—43y-1od. f) The anni 
augustani were reckoned from the assumption of the name Augustus on the 
Ides of Jan (13) 27; in Rome from Jan. 1, 27; in Alexandria from Jan. 1, 20. 

2. THE HERODIANS. 
On the death of Herod the Great his territory was divided among 
his three sons (Ant. xvii. 11, 4): a) Archelaus received Judea, 
Samaria and Idumea with the title of Ethnarch and ruled τὸ 
years. He was deposed in 6 A. D. and banished to Gaul (Ant. 
Xvii. 13, 2). -b) Antipas received Galilee and Perea with the title 
of Tetrarch and ruled 43 years. He was deposed in 39 and ban- 
ished to Gaul (Ant. xviii. 7, 2; B. J. ii. 9 ,6). c) Philip received 


° 


POLITICAL CONDITIONS 39 


Batanea, Trachonitis, Auranitis, Gaulanitis, Panias and Iturea (Ant. 
xvii. 8, 1; B. J. ii. 6, 3; Lk. iii. 1) with the title of Tetrarch and 
ruled 37 years (Ant. xviii. 4,6). He died in 34. 
THE HERODIANS. 
Herod the Great, 40 (37)-4 B. C. 


| 
Aristobulus Archelaus Antipas Philip 
Tce 4B. C.-6 A. D. 4 B. C.-39 A. Ὁ. 4 B. C.-34 A. Ὁ. 


Herod Agrippa I 37, 40, 41-44 A. D. 


Herod Agrippa II 50, 53-c. roo. 


3. ROMAN PROCURATORS AND AGRIPPA. 
When Archelaus was deposed, his territory was organized into 
a Roman province (Imperial-Equestrian). Quirinius, the legate of 
Syria, made a census (which caused an insurrection led by Judas, 
the Galilean) and Coponius came as Procurator (Ant. xvii. 13, 5; 
xvili. I, 1; B. J. ii. 8, 1). This territory was administered by Procu- 
rators until 41 when it was given by Claudius to Herod Agrippa I 
(Ant. xix. 5,1; B. J. ii. 11, 5; Dio Cassius, Ix. 8) who had already 
received the territory of Philip in 37 (Ant. xviii. 6, 10; B. J. 11. 9, 6) 
and that of Antipas in 40 (Ant. xvill. 7, 2). Agrippa I thus united 
again under his rule the territory of his grandfather, Herod the 
Great ; but he reigned over it only three years and died in 44 (Ant. 
xix. 8, 2; Acts xii. 3ff). His territory was organized into a Roman 
province and administered by Procurators (Ant. xix. 9, 2; B. J. 11. 
ΤΙ, 6) until the outbreak of the war with Rome (Ant. xxi 11, 1; B. J. 
ii. 14, 4). Only, in 53 Claudius gave the territory of Philip to 
Agrippa II (instead of the territory of his Uncle, Herod of Chalcis, 
which Agrippa had received in c. 50, with the title of King and the 
right—exercised also by his Uncle—of appointing the High-priests 
ΠΕ τ ΘΑ ΙΒ ΠῚ aM, ΣΝ, 7; 1.8.7. 1.12; 81 cl Ant, ΣΝ. τς 35 55.25 
9, 7; B. J. ii. 11, 6; 12, 1). Agrippa (Acts xxv. 13ff) lived until ¢ 100. | 
The war with Rome broke out in the spring (lyar—May) of 66 and 
Jerusalem was taken and destroyed by Titus in the summer*(Ab— 
Aug) 70. The war with Rome under Hadrian, in which Simon? 
Barkocha (Barkosiba) played a leading part, began in 132 and ended 
in. 135 (Dio Cassius, lxix. 12ff; cf Justin, Apol. i. 31; Euseb. H. E- 
iv. 6,1). The city was again destroyed; the Jews were expelled and 


40 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


forbidden to return; and Hadrian carried out his plan of establishing 
on the site of Jerusalem a Roman city—called Aelia Capitolina (Dio 
Casbinsyal sixes. 12) 


ROMAN PROCURATORS. 


JUDEA, SAMARIA, IDUMEA, PALESTINE, 
(Territory of Archelaus) (Territory of Herod Agrippa I) 
Coponius 6 A. D. Cuspius Fadus 44-46 
M. Ambivius ro Tiberius Alexander 46-48 
Annius Rufus 13 Ventidius Cumanus 48 
Valerius Gratus 15-26 Claudius Felix 52 (exc. Agrippa II) 
Pontius Pilate 26-35(36) Porcius Festus 60(56?)-62 
Marcellus 35(36) Albinus 62-64 
Maryllus 38-41 Gessius-Florus 65-66 


War with Rome 66; fall of Jerusalem (Titus) 70; 
War with Rome under Hadrian 132-135. 


ΧΙ J RELIGIOUSZCONDEIGNS: 


1. THe SynacocuE. Origin; Function; Service ; Influence. 

2. JEWISH PARTIES. (Ali) xii. 5, 9% τὸ, 5-65 xvii 5 4 eave, 
t-4 5 Χο 1; BLS. 0.8) τὴ ve nevi) NE ΕΞ ἘΞ 
Sadducees, Essenes, Zealots, Herodians( Mk. iii. 6; xii. 13; Matt. 
ἜΣ tO) 

3. Messtanic IpEas. O. T. prophecy—the kingdom; the cove- 
nant; and the future (the Messiah). Legalism and apocalyptic. 
Elements of the Messianic idea: Types—politico-national ; eschato- 
logical; ethico-spiritual and supernatural. 





XI”. -CHRON@LOGY- 


I. JEWISH CALENDAR. Twelve lunar months (29-30 days )— 
intercalary months every second or third year. Civil year began 
with Tishri, religious with Nisan. The week (τὸ σάββατον, τὰ 
σάββατα from Aramaic) —seven days, numbered (Mk. xvi. 2 
τῇ μιᾷ τῶν σαββάτων; cf. Matt. xxviii. 1; Lk. xiii. 10; xxiv. 1; 
Jn.-xx. 1; τὸ; Acts xx.”7 ; 1) Cori xviev2)5) the Sixthid ay awaceealled 
παρασκευή (Matt. xxvii. 62; Mk. xv. 42; Lk. xxiii. 54; Jn. xix. 14. 
31, 42), the seventh σάββατον, σάββατα. The day began with evening 
after sun-set (Mk. 1. 32); the night was divided into periods or 
watches (Matt. xxiv. 43; Mk. vi. 48; but hours in Acts xxiii: 23) ; 
the day into twelve hours, the sixth hour being noon (Jn. xi. 9; 


Mk. xv. 33 etc.) 


CHRONOLOGY 41 


MONTHS, 
1 Nisan Mar-Apr ΤΊΠΤΕ Sep-Oct 
2 ltyar Apr-May 8 Marcheshvan . Oct-Nov 
3 Sivan May-June 9 Chislev Nov-Dec 
4 Tammuz June-July 10 Tebeth Dec-Jan 
5 Ab July-Aug tt Shebat Jan-Feb 
6 Elul Aug-Sep 12 Adar Feb-Mar 
13. Veadar or Adar Hascheni (intercalary). 

FEASTS. 
Passover Nisan 14-15 Day of Atonement  Tishri to 
Unleavened Bread Nisan 15-21 Tabernacles Tishri 15-22 
Pentecost (Weeks) Sivan 6 Dedication Chislev 25 

Purim Adar 14-15 
ERAS. 


Olympic (Oly.) from July 1, 776 B. C., in periods of four years. 

Varronian (A. U. ΟἿ from Apr. 1, 753.B.- Ὁ 

Seleucid (Sel.) from Oct 1, 312 B. C. Α 

Dionysian (A. D.) from Mar. 25 (later Jan. 1) 754 A. U.C. 

B. C. 1—Oly. 194, 4, A. U. C. 753, Sel. 312. 

A. D. 1—Oly. 195, 1, A. U. C. 754, Sel. 313. 

2. BIRTH OF JESUS. 

1) Matt. ii. 1, 9; Lk. i. 5, 36. Jesus was born before the death 
of Herod the Great. Herod died in the spring of 4 B.C. (1) Ant. 
xvii. 8, 1; B. J. i. 33, 7-8:—death of Herod 37 years after he was 
made king by the Romans and 34 years after he had taken Jerusalem. 
Ant. xiv. 14, 4-5; B. J. 1. 14, 4:—Herod made king by Romans in 
POMC emia iyi 10, 1-95 Β' 7. 1-173; 95 .18;,-1-3; Dio Cassius, 
xlix. 22:—Herod captured Jerusalem in 37 B. C. (2) Ant. xvii. 
6, 4:—eclipse of moon just before Herod’s death; eclipses visible in 
Palestine—Sep. 15, 5 B. C.; Mar 12, 4 B. C.; Jan.9, 1 B. C. (3) Ant. 
Xviil. 13, 2; B. J. ii. 7, 3; Dio Cassius lv. 27:—Archelaus deposed in 
6 A. D. in tenth year of his reign. (4) Ant. xviii. 7, 1-2; cf. xviii. 
6, I1; xix. 8, 2:—Antipas deposed probably in summer 39 A. D.; 
coins with inscriptidn ΜῊ 43; later coins uncertain. (5) Ant. xviii. 
4, 6:—Philip died in 20th year of Tiberius (Aug. 19, 33-34) after 
reign of 37 years; era of Caesarea Philippi from 3 B. C. (6) Ant. 
xvii. 8, 4; 9, 4:—Archelaus mourned for Herod five days, was 
present at Passover and went to Rome; Passover in 4 B. C., c. Apr. 
12; Herod died between Mar. 13 and Apr. 7. 
2) Lk, ii. 1-2. Enrolment of Quirinius. (1) Lk. ii. 2 πρώτη. a) 
first Roman enrolment (periodic, 14 years) ; Ὁ) first under Quirinius, 


42 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


distinguished from enrolment of territory of Archelaus by Quirinius 
in7 A. Do (ck Acts v.37 5 Ant. xvii is, Ἐν Rt ee ree 
B. J. 31. 17,73; vil. 8,1). (2) Periodic enrolments in Egypt traceable 
to 20 A.D. (G. and H. Oxy. Papyri, 11 ccliv, pp. 207ff.). Indictional 
year—8 B.C. Tert, adv. Marc. iv. 19 under S. Saturninus; cf. also 
Justin Apol. 1. 34. (3) Enrolment under Quirinius in Apameia 
(Lapis Venetus). (4) Quirinius twice in Syria (Lapis Tiburtinus ; 
Tacitus, Ann. iii. 48—conquered Homonadenses in Cilicia) ; second 
time 7 A. D.; first time, Mommsen 3-2 B. C., Ramsay 7-4 as legate 
in command of the troops when Varus was legate in charge of the 
civil administration, the enrolment in Palestine being delayed by 
Herod until'6 B. C..(ck. Ant avis Go. ss evilae et) 


LEGATES OF SYRIA, 


Mommsen. Ramsay. 

IM τ πε 6. BsC. M. Titius 9 B. C. 

C. S. Saturninus 8 B.C. 8 C. S. Saturninus 9-7 B. €. 

P. Q. Varus 6-4 B. C. PQ: Marus 7-4. ΒΒ. 6 

Pao. Ouinimiusis-2eb aC: PSs Ourinius 7-4.B © 

L. V. Saturninus 4-5 A. D. L. V. Saturninus 4-5 A. D. 

P. S. Quirinius 6 A. D. PS. Ouirinius:6 A. D: 

§ 43. Lapis TrsurtINUSs (Mommsen, Res ges. d. Aug. 1883, p. 177; cf. 
C..1. L: xiv. 3613) . p. sulpicues p. f. * quirinius cos) | 2... 2. | preepre 
consul, cretam et cyrenas * prouinciam optinuit |... ... | legatus pr. pr. 


diui * augusti syriam et phoenicen optinens | bellum gessit cum gente 

homonaden- | sium quae interfecerat * amyntam | rEGEM * QVA ° REDACTA "ΙΝ 

potestatem imp, caesaris | AVGVSTI * POPVLIQVE ~ ROMANI ~* SENATUS dis 

immortalibus | SVPPLICATIONES * BINAS * OB * RES * PROSPere ab eo gestas 

et | IPSI * ORNAMENTA TRIVMPHalia decreuit | PRO * CONSVL “ ASIAM “ PRO- 

VINCIAM ᾿ oPtinuit legatus pr. pr. | DIVI * AVGVSTI iTERVM ᾿ SYRIAM ᾿ ET 
PHOenicen optinuit 

Ramsay (Was Christ Born in Beth. 1808, p. 273) reads:— * cos. datus 
rector Gaio | Caesari Divi Augusti nepoti . . .| 7 provinciam | optinens 
Marmaridas et Garamantas subegit | * Augusti Syriacas legio- | nes optinens 
ὁ Amyntam Galatarum | reGEM ἢ PHoenicen provinciam optinens regnum 
Archelai in provinciae formam redegit. 

“Concerning the reference of the inscription to Quirinius, Mommsen 
says (Ibid. pp. 167f): “Neque ego novam et reconditam doctrinam profero, 
sed iisdem viris doctis’ adsensus breviter demonstrabo primum titulum ad 
C. Sentium Saturninum spectare non posse, deinde in Quirinio non solum 
nihil obstare, sed indicia qucque quae supra recensuimus, maxime omnium 
primarium duplicem legationem Syriacam, ita in eum convenire, ut attributio 
Sanclementiana non sohim probabilis habenda sit, sed plane probata.” 

"Sanclementius, Borghesius, Henzenus, Nipperdeius. 


CHRONOLOGY 43 


§ 44. Laris Venetus * (Ephemeris Epigraphica, iv, Ὁ. 538; C. I. L. ν΄. 
136*. Ramsay, Was Christ Born in Beth. p. 274. Mommsen, Res. ges. d. 
Aug. 1883, Ὁ. 166) - g ᾿ aemilivs - q « f | pal. sEcvNpvs in | CASTRIS “ DIVI 
* AVG * Sub | P ΄. SVLPICIO - QUIRINIO ᾿ LEg aug ᾿ | CaESARIS ᾿ SYRIAE 
HONORI | BVS * DECORATVS ‘ PRQEFECT | COHORT * AVG * I ᾿ PRGEFECT | Co- 
‘HORT * II * CLASSICAE * IDEM | IVSSV * QVIRINI ᾿ CENSVM ᾿ EGI | APAMENAE 
* CIVITATIS * MIL | LIVM - HOMIN ᾿ CIVIVM ᾿ CxviI | IDEM | MISSV - QVIR- 


INI * ADVERSVS | ITVRAEOS © IN * LIBANO ’ MONTE ° | CASTELLVM ὁ EORVM 
ΟΕ ἐς ER?“ ANTE MILITIEM 5 PRAEFECT ᾿ FABRVM ° | DELATVS * A ᾿ DVO- 
BV=)~ COS ;AD.~ AE RARIVM ET ° IN ’ COLONIA ° QVAESTOR * AEDIL ° II * DVVM- 


VIR * II | PONTIFEXS | IBI * POSITI * SVNT τ Q ° AEMILIVS * Q * F “ PAL | 
ΕΟ νου. § "ET ARMINIA ° CHIA-LIB.| ἘΠ᾿ M ° AMPLIVS “ ἘΠ᾿ Ν 8. 
‘In C. I. L. classed among “Inscriptiones Falsae;” but Mommsen says 
(1. c.) : “Accedit titulus Venetus vel potius Berytensis nuper vindicatus (Eph. 
epigr. 4 p. 538)”; cf. also Ramsay, Was Christ Born in Beth., p. 150. 
$45. Papyrus 904 (A. D. 104). Kenyon, Greek Papyri in the British 
Musewm, 1907, 111, pp. 1241. 
[Laos Our] Bro[s Μαξιμος ἐπα]γρχ[ος] 
Αιγυπτί[ου] 
τῆς κατ οἰκιαν ἀπογραφὴς συ͵νεστω[ σης] 
αναγκαιον [τοὺς ἀποδημησανταῖῆς καθ ἡ[ντινα 
δηποτε αιτ[ιαν απὸ των εαὐτων] 
νόμων προσαϊναγκαῆσαι ἐπα[νελ] 
Jew εἰς τα εαὐτων εἸφεστια ιν[α] 
και τὴν συνηθη [οιἰκονομιαν της απο] 
γραφὴς πληρωσωσιν και τὴ πρασ[ηκου] 
σὴ QUTOLS γεώργιαι προσκαρτερησωσιν 


κτλ 


2 eoap a. ii. 20; Lk. 1. 23. Temple 46 years building at first passover 
of Jesus’ Ministry; Jesus about 30 at Baptism. Ant. xv. 11, 1; Dio 
Cassius liv. 7; cf. B. J. i. 21, 1:—Herod began Temple 20 B. C. 

4) Lk. iti. 1, 23. John began work in 15th year of Tiberius; 
Jesus about 30. Augustus died Aug. 19, 14 A. D. Tiberius asso- 


ciated with Augustus in 11-12. 
Birth of Jesus c.6 or 5 B. C. Baptism c. 26 or 27 A. D. 


3. DEATH OF JESUS. 
1) Before 36. Pilate 26-36; Caiaphas 18-36; Herod Antipas 4 


B. C.-39 A. D. 

2) Not less than one or more than three years after the first pass- 
over after the Baptism. Syn. Gospels imply ministry of one year 
or more; Jn. mentions three passovers (ii. 23; vi. 4; xill. Iff.). 


44 CRITICAL INTRODUCTION 


Length of ministry two years, if Jn. vi. 4 second passover; three 
years, if Jn. vi. 4 third passover,—Jn. v. 1 being a passover or some 
feast subsequent to the second passover. 


Death of Jesus in 29 or 30; on Friday Nisan 15 (Syn. tradi- 
tion) or 14? Jn. xviii. 28. 


Pee te te 


PART II. 
BIE OF JESUS. 
(6/5 B: Ci-29/30 A.D.) 
I. HISTORICAL BEGINNINGS. 
(6/5 B. C.-26/27 A. D.) 


Order of Events. 


I) 


Promise of John’s Birth (Lk. i. 5-25). 

Promise of Jesus’ Birth (Lk. i. 26-38). 

Visit of Mary to Elisabeth (Lk. i. 39-56). 

Birth of John (Lk. i, 57-80). 

Birth of Jesus (Matt. i. 18-25; Lk. ii. 1-20). 
Circumcision and Presentation (Lk. ii. 21-38). 
Visit of Magi (Matt. ii. 1-12). 

Flight into Egypt (Matt. 11. 13-15). 

Slaughter of Children by Herod (Matt. ii. 16-18). 
Return to Nazareth (Matt. ii. 19-23; Lk. ii. 39-40). 
Boyhood of Jesus (Lk. ii. 39-52). 


Prologue of Fourth Gospel (Jn. i. 1-18). 
Birth of John the Baptist (Lk. i11. 23-38). 
Genealogies (Matt. i. 1-17; Lk. ili. 23-38). 
Birth of Jesus (Matt. i. 18-11. 23; Lk. ii. 1-38). 
Harmony and Characteristics. 

Supernatural Conception and Virgin Birth. 


1) 
2) 


3) 


4) 


5) 


Philosophical principles and historical evidence. 

Character of evidence. (1) Integrity of Matt. and Lk. 

(2) Integrity of Matt. i-ii. Syr "i. 16. (3) Integrity 

of Lk. 1.-|ι.- Harnack, 1. 34-35. 

Sources of Matt. and Lk. (1) Character—Jewish Chris- 

tian. (2) Indepéendent—Joseph and Mary. (3) Com- 

mon—Hebrew Infancy Gospel (Resch); Protevang. of 

James (Conrady). 

Historical Objections. (1) Genealogies. (2) Quirinius. 

(3) Silence of N. T. (4) Contradictions in Gospels. (5) 

Angels. (6) Home of Joseph. (7) Star. 

Review of Opinion. 

(1) Positive—Apostolic Age. Ignatius (Eph. xviii; xix; 
Tral. ix). Justin (1 Apol, xxxiii; Dial. bxxviii).. 
Irenaeus (Haer. 111: 21, 10). Tertullian (d. Carne 
Chr. xviii). Clement Alex. (Strom. vi. 15, 127). 

(2) Negative—Cerinthus (Iren. Haer. i. 26). Ebionites 


45 


46. 


ὃ. Boyhood of Jesus. 


LIFE OF JESUS 


(Iren.Haer. 111. 21, 1; τ 15.3; -Epiph, tiaer. τς 3). 
Marcion (Iren. Haer. i. 27, 2). Celsus (Orig. c. Cel. 


ΞΘ ΠΗ: 


Strauss (mythical theory). 


Problem of 


origin: a) Jewish source—O. T. (Harnack, Lob- 


stein); Philo (Volter, Conybeare). 
source —— Graeco-Roman 


(Usener) ; 


b) Gentile 
Babylonian 


(Gunkel, Apoc. xii. 1-6; Jensen, Gilgamesch-Epos). 


Growth. 


Visit to Temple. 


Significance 


of the words (Lk. 11. 49) : τί ὅτι ἐξητεῖτέ we; οὐκ ἤδειτε ὅτι ἐν 


τοῖς τοῦ πατρός μου δεῖ εἶναί με: 


MATTHEW 
I 
Jesus 
David 
Abraham 


2 
1 Abraham 
2 Isaac 
3 Jacob 
4 Judah 
5 Perez 
6 Hezron 


7 Ram (Aram) 


8 Amminadab 


9 Nahshon 
to Salmon 


29 
30 
2321 


ΟῸὉῸ ON ANAW DH 


GENEALOGIES. 


LUKE 


God 
Adam 
Seth . 
Enos 
Cainan 
Mahalaleel 
Jared 
Enoch 
Methuselah 
Lamech 
Noah 
Shem 
Arphaxad 
Cainan 
Shelah 
Eber 
Peleg 
Reu 
Serug 
Nahor 
Terah 
Abraham 
Isaac 
Jacob 
Judah 
Perez 
Hezron . 





Arni (Aram) 


(Admin) 
Amuninadab 
Nahshon 
Salmon 


Ὸ 


μὶ 


w 


MATTHEW 


Boaz 
Obed 
Jesse 


David 


Solomon 
Rehoboam 
Abijah 
Asa 
Jehoshaphat 
Joram 
Uzziah 
Jotham 
Ahaz 
Hezekiah 
Manasseh 
Amon 
Josiah 
Jechoniah 


Shealtiel 
Zerubbabel 


Abiud 2 
Eliakim 


50 
SI 
ἘΞ 
53 
54 
55 
56 
BVA 
58 
50 
60 


LUKE 


2 Boaz 


Obed 
Jesse 
David 


Nathan 
Mattatha 
Menna 
Melea 
Eliakim 
Jonam 
Joseph 
Judas 
Symeon 
Levi 
Matthat 
Jorim 
Eliezer 
Jesus 


Er 
Elmadam 
Cosam 
Addi 
Melchi 
Neri 
Shealtiel 
Zerubbabel 
Rhesa 
Joanan 
Joda 


61 Josech 





























GENEALOGIES 47 
5 Azor 62 Semein 70 Joseph 
6 Sadoc 63 Mattathias 71 Jannai 
7 Achim 64 Maath 72 Melchi 
8 Eliud 65 Nagegai 73 Levi 
9 Eleazer 66 Esli 10 Matthan 74 Matthat 
67 Nahum It Jacob 75 Heli 
68 Amos 12 Joseph—Mary 76 Joseph 
69 Mattathias Jesus Jesus 
MATTHEW MATTHEW-LUKE LUKE 
God 
Adam 
Terah 
Abraham 
David 
Solomon Nathan 
: | 
Jechoniah Neri 
| ν | 
Shealtiel ; 
Abiud-Joda 
Eliakim Josech 
Eleazar Levi 
Matthan-Matthat 
Jacob Heli 





Joseph 


48 LIFE OF JESUS 


§ 46. Pseudo-Chrysostom. Jn Natalem Christi Diem (Montfaucon vi. 
“ ΓῚ ΄ Fs ‘ TAN ΄ , ~ ‘ 
45off.) Μυστήριον ξένον καὶ παράδοξον βλέπω + ποιμένες μου περιηχοῦσι τὰ ὦτα, 
” ΄ ΄ , ν “ ” ” 
οὐκ ἔρημον συρίζοντες μέλος, ἀλλ᾽ οὐράνιοι ἄδοντες ὕμνου. “Ayyehor adovow, 
ρας ae : 
ἀρχάγγελοι μέλπουσιν, ὑμνεῖ τὰ Χερουβὶμ, δοξολογεῖ τὰ Σεραφὶμ, πάντες 
ε , ν pies an ey, ἐπα , oo» 6 > 3 “ ‘ ” ΄ > 
ἑορτάζουσι Θεὸν ἐπὶ γῆς ὁρῶντες, καὶ ἄνθρωπον ἐν οὐρανοῖς - τὸν ἄνω κάτω δι 
οἰκονομίαν, καὶ τὸν κάτω ἄνω διὰ φιλανθρωπίαν. Σήμερον Βηθλεὲμ τὸν οὐρανὸν 
9 ΄ » \ κ᾿ > , > , ε n ΄ » \ Ne UN e . 
ἐμιμήσατο: ἀντὶ μὲν ἀστέρων ἀγγέλους ὑμνοῦντας δεξαμένη, ἀντὶ δὲ ἡλίου τὸν 
“-“ , > , ’ Ἂν δ ΄ὔ cal Ὁ Ν , 
τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἀπεριγράπτως χωρήσασα. Kai μὴ ζήτει πῶς - ὅπου yap βούλεται 
- ΄ , Ἶ cal 
Θεὸς, νικᾶται φύσεως τάξις. ᾿Ἡβουλήθη yap, ἠδυνήθη, κατῆλθεν, ἔσωσε" 
“νὸ τὰ ἵν α TO Ocd 3H € ν ec oN » τί ι πὶ ε« ἃ ᾿ fi “ > 
σύνδρομα τὰ πάντα τῷ Oc. ἤμερον ὃ ὧν τίκτεται, καὶ O ὧν γίνεται ὅπερ οὐκ 
3. ὟΝ Ν , »” a ΄ 
nv: ὧν γὰρ Θεὸς, γίνεται ἄνθρωπος, οὐκ ἐκστὰς τοῦ εἶναι Θεός, Οὐδὲ γὰρ κατ᾽ 
»” θ ΄ ,ὔ 4 θ ὑδὲ , ‘\ ‘ 5 ὁ > , 
ἔκστασιν θεότητος γέγονεν ἄνθρωπος, οὐδὲ πάλιν κατὰ προκοπὴν ἐξ ἀνθρώπου 
ΕΣ \ Ν Ν 
γέγονε Θεός- ἀλλὰ Λόγος ὧν, διὰ τὸ ἀπαθὲς σὰρξ ἐγένετο, ἀμεταβλήτου 
x Sec Ξ Ἂ 
μενούσης τῆς φύσεως. ᾿Αλλ᾽ ὅτε μὲν ἐτέχθη, Ἰουδαῖοι ἠρνοῦντο τὸν ἕένον 
΄ . na , \ ΄ ΄ ν rete ΄ 
τόκον, καὶ Φαρισαῖοι παρηρμήνευον τὰς θείας βίβλους, καὶ γραμματεῖς ὑπεναντία 
A ε , 
Tod νόμου ἐλάλουν: Ἡρώδης τὸν τεχθέντα ἐζήτει, οὐχ ἵνα αὐτὸν τιμήσῃ, GAN’ 
-“ SAAN 5 ΄ ’ Ν ΄ ε ee aN 3 > ΄ Ν 
ἵνα αὐτὸν ἀπολέσῃ. Ξήμερον γὰρ πάντα ὑπεναντία εἶδον. Οὐκ ἐκρύβη γὰρ, 
Ν Ν f x 60 7 3 \ ~ / y a2 ἫΝ , > x ᾿ ΣΟΥ ᾿ Β rn a Ν Υ Ν 
κατὰ τὸν ψαλμῳδὸν, ἀπὸ τῶν τέκνων αὐτῶν εἰς γενεὰν ἑτέραν. ασιλεῖς μὲν γὰρ 
ἦλθον, τὸν ἐπουράνιον βασιλέα θαυμάζοντες, ὅτι πῶς ἐπὶ γῆς ἦλθεν οὐκ ἀγγέλους 
μὴ 3 > / > @ 3 te > wy , 3 3 , 
ἔχων, οὐκ ἀρχαγγέλυυς, οὐ θρόνους, οὐ κυριότητας, οὐ δυνάμεις, οὐκ ἐξουσίας, 
Ά Lal ys me / al 
ἀλλὰ ξένην καὶ ἀτριβῆ βαδίσας ὁδὸν, ἐξ ἀγεωργήτου προῆλθε γαστρὸς, οὔτε 
5 Ἶ τ ; - Ε 
τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ ἐρήμους τῆς ἐπιστασίας αὐτοῦ καταλιπὼν, οὔτε τῇ πρὸς 
c aA 32 ΄ a > ΄΄ ΄ > , 5 Ν Lal Ν ‘ > 
ἡμᾶς ἐνανθρωπήσει τῆς οἰκείας θεότητος ἐκστάς - ἀλλὰ βασιλεῖς μὲν τὸν ἐπου- 
, , A “ > ΄ κ ΩΝ \ > 
paviov βασιλέα τῆς δόξης ἦλθον προσκυνήσοντες, στρατιῶται δὲ τὸν ἀρχι- 
στράτηγον τῆς δυνάμεως θεραπεύσοντες -... οἱ ποιμένες τὸν ποιμένα τὸν καλὸν, 
‘ \ ‘ CN a , ΄ ee a \ ‘ ‘ ΄ 
τὸν τὴν ψυχὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων προθέμενον - οἱ ἱερεῖς τὸν κατὰ τὴν τάξιν 
΄ oA , - 
Μελχισεδὲκ ἀρχιερέα γενόμενον - ot δοῦλοι τὸν μορφὴν δούλου λαβόντα, ἵνα 
ε lal Ν ΄ > , ΄ is 7 ἊΝ μ᾿ , ε 
ἡμῶν τὴν δουλείαν ἐλευθερίᾳ τιμήσῃ"... καὶ ἵνα συντόμως εἴπω, πάντες οἱ 
ε ν 5 2907 \ > \ a a \ ” \ € ΄ a , 
ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἦλθον ἰδεῖν τὸν ἀμνὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ τὸν αἴροντα τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου, 
, “ , > “a lal > / / 
μάγοι δορυφοροῦντες, ποιμένες εὐλογοῦντες, τελῶναι εὐαγγελιζόμενοι, πόρναι 
- ca Ν ἊΝ “ Qn , , ΄ 
μυροφοροῦσαι, Σαμαρεῖτις πηγὴν διψῶσα ζωῆς, Xavavaia πίστιν ἀνενδοίαστον 
” , = , ζι ΄ es a ’ 
ἔχουσα. Ἰ]άντων οὖν σκιρτώντων, σκιρτῆσαι θέλω κἀγὼ, χορεῦσαι βούλομαι, 
΄ ΄ ΄ ‘ ΓῚ , / a Ἂς al 3 
πανηγυρίσαι θέλω χορεύω δὲ, οὐ κιθάραν πλήττων, οὐ θυρσὸν κινῶν, οὐκ 
2 Ν ” 3 aN bu 3 ? 3 ν ~ 3 ΄ : x “Ὁ a 
αὐλοὺς ἔχων, οὐ δᾷδας ἅπτων, ἀλλ᾽ ἀντὶ μουσικῶν ὀργάνων τὰ τοῦ Χριστοῦ 
/ ΄ 3 Ν “' >? \ > / ‘ > 4 , 3 , 
σπάργανα φέρων. Αὐτὰ yap μοι ἐλπὶς, αὐτά μοι ζωὴ, αὐτά μοι σωτήρια, αὐτά 
> Ν > Vs ΄’, Ἃς x > Ν »” ‘e 9 ond > “ ΄ 
μοι αὐλὸς, αὐτά μοι κιθάρα. Διὸ καὶ αὐτὰ ἔρχομαι φέρων, ἵνα τῇ αὐτῶν δυιάμει 
΄ » ante ΄ a 
ἰσχὺν λόγων λαβὼν per’ ἀγγέλων εἴπω, Δόξα ev ὑψίστοις Θεῷ: μετὰ δὲ 
΄ Κ ‘ a ὧν a 3. Se 3 3 a , DO , N ΄ ᾿ ε 6 x 
ποιμένων, Kai ἐπὶ γῆς εἰρήνη. ἐν ἀνθρώποις εὐδοκία. Σήμερον oO γεννηθεὶς 
, , ΄ 
ἀῤῥήτως ἐκ Llarpos, ἐκ παρθένου τίκτεται, ἀφράστως bu ἐμέ. ᾿Αλλὰ τότε μὲν 
Αἱ ΄, > “ Ν ἣν »"5 > , c c , “0 , 
κατὰ φύσιν ἐκ τοὺ Llarpos πρὸ αἰώνων ἐγεννήθη, ὡς ὁ γεννήσας οἷδε: σήμερον 


Ν ΄ Ν ΄ 3. τὖλ Ε ε WAS κὰν , 3 ν , Ν 
δὲ πάλιν παρὰ φύσιν ἐτέχθη, ὡς ἡ τοῦ ἁγίου Τ]νεύματος ἐπίσταται χάρις. Καὶ 


PUBLIC MINISTRY 49 


ΕΣ A ‘ , , ‘ ‘ ΄“- 
ἡ ἄνω αὐτοῦ γέννησις ἀληθὴς, καὶ ἡ κάτω γέννησις ἀψευδὴς, καὶ ἀληθῶς Θεὸς ἐκ 
Θεοῦ ἐγεννήθη, καὶ ἀληθῶς ἄνθρωπος ὁ αὐτὸς ἐκ παρθένου ἐτέχθη... Ὅτι μὲν 
γὰρ ἔτεκεν ἡ παρθένος, σήμερον οἶδα, καὶ ὅτι ἐγέννησεν ὁ Θεὸς ἀχρόνως, πιστεύω * 
τὸν δὲ τρόπον τῆς γεννήσεως σιωπῇ τιμᾷν μεμάθηκα, καὶ οὐ διὰ λόγων 
πολυπραγμονεῖν παρέλαβον. “Exi γὰρ Θεοῦ οὐ δεῖ τῇ φύσει τῶν πραγμάτων 
Ν ΄“ cal r , , , , 
προσέχειν, ἀλλὰ Ty, δυνάμει τοῦ ἐνεργοῖντος πιστεύειν. Φύσεως γάρ ἐστι νόμος 
μι ἣν , , μὲ ΄ , ΄- 
ὅταν γυνὴ προσομιλήσασα γάμοις τέκῃ - ὅταν δὲ παρθένος ἀπειρόγαμος τεκοῖσα 
, , Lal , ΄ 
πάλιν παρθένος φανείη, ὑπὲρ φύσιν τὸ πρᾶγμα. Τὸ οὖν κατὰ φύσιν ζητείσθω, 
‘ A el aix , - , > ν > ee > roe ἢ ΄- 
τὸ δὲ ὑπὲρ φύσιν σιγῇ τιμάσθω, οὐχ ὡς φευκτὸν, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἀπόῤῥητον, καὶ σιωπῇ 
A »” ἊΝ) . » ΕἾ ΄ , ἫΝ A a . 
τιμᾶσθαι ἄξιον... Ti yap εἴπω, ἢ τί λαλήσω ; Τὴν τεκοῦσαν ὁρῶ, τὸν τεχ- 
θέντα βλέπω, τὸν δὲ τρόπον τῆς γεννήσεως οὐ συνορῶ νικᾶται yap φύσις, 
νικᾶται καὶ τάξεως ὅρος, ὅπου Θεὸς βούλεται: Οὐ γὰρ κατὰ φύσιν γέγονε τὸ 
~ > ? ε ς , Ν -“ » Ν ε ’΄ Ν ΕἸ , -“ 
πρᾶγμα: ἀλλ᾽ ὑπὲρ φύσιν τὸ θαῦμα - ἤργησε γὰρ ἡ φύσις, καὶ ἐνήργησε τοῦ 
, my , , . 
Δεσπότου τὸ βούλημα. *Q χάριτος ἀφράστου. Ὁ πρὸ αἰώνων Μονογενὴς, ὃ 
> ν NP oe a ti hes , ε ΄ , ‘ ‘ ste ‘ a 
ἀναφὴς, καὶ ἁπλοῖς, καὶ ἀσώματος, ὑπεισῆλθέ μου τὸ φθαρτὸν καὶ ὁρατὸν σῶμα. 
΄ “ a a7 2 ‘ ΄ 
Διὰ τί; Ἵνα βλεπόμενος διδάξῃ, διδάξας δὲ πρὸς τὸ μὴ βλεπόμενον χειρα- 
γωγήσῃ. κτλ. 


Eis (PUBIC MINISTRY GE JESUS: 
(26/27-29/30 A. D.) 


I. INTRODUCTION. 


(26/27) 

1. Work of John the Baptist (Gospels; cf. Acts xviii. 25ff; Jo- 
sephus, Ant. xvili. 5, 2). Prophetic character. Moral and 
Messianic elements. Significance of baptism. Imprisonment 
and death. Relation to Jesus and conception of His person and 
work (Jn. i. 29). 

2. Baptism of Jesus (Matt. ii. 13-17; Mk. i. 9-11; Lk. iti. 21-23; 
cf. Jn. i. 32-34). Harmony. Formal character. Meaning. 
Patristic interpretation. Relation to Messianic consciousness 
and work. Meaning of the words (Matt. iii. 15): "Ades ἄρτι, 
οὕτω γὰρ πρέπον ἐστίν ἡμῖν πληρῶσαι πᾶσαν δικαιοσύνην. 

3. Temptation (Matt. iv. 1-11; Mk. i. 12-13; Lk. iv. 1-13). Order. 
Character. Principle. Origin. Significance. Interpretations. 

§ 47. Josephus, Awz¢. xviii. 5.2: Τισὶ δὲ τῶν ᾿Ιουδαίων ἐδόκει ὀλωλέναι 
τὸν Ἡρώδου στρατὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ μάλα δικαίως τινυμένου κατὰ ποινὴν 
Ἰωάννου τοῦ ἐπικαλουμένου βαπτιστοῦ. κτείνει γὰρ δὴ τοῦτον Ἡρώδης ἀγαθὸν 
ἄνδρα καὶ τοῖς ᾿Ιουδαίοις κελεύοντα ἀρετὴν ἐπασκοῦσιν καὶ τὰ πρὸς ἀλλήλους 
δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ πρὸς τὸν θεὸν εὐσεβείᾳ χρωμένοις βαπτισμῷ συνιέναι: οὕτω 


ap δὴ καὶ τὴν βάπτισιν ἀποδεκτὴν αὐτῷ φανεῖσθαι μὴ ἐπί τινων ἁμαρτάδων 
γὰρ δὴ ὴ ὴ ΐ μὴ μαρ 


50 LIFE. OF JESUS 


, , > .} > ’ Sc la A , LA Ν Ων “ “ 
παραιτήσει χρωμένων, ἀλλ᾽ ἐφ᾽ ἁγνείᾳ τοῦ σώματος, ἅτε δὴ καὶ τῆς ψυχῆς 
δικαιοσύνῃ προεκκεκαθαρμένης. καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων συστρεφομένων, καὶ γὰρ 
΄ SiN = ws , a , ΄ ε ΄ ean , 
ἥσθησαν ἐπὶ πλεῖστον τῇ ἀκροάσει τῶν λόγων, δείσας “Howdns τὸ ἐπὶ τοσόνδε 

Ν 3 ΄ ἼΩΝ > ΄ Ν sic bh. aS) ΄ ν , ΄ ‘\ aut 
πιθανὸν αὐτοῦ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις μὴ ἐπὶ ἀποστάσει τινὶ φέροι, πάντα γὰρ ἐῴκεσαν 
συμβουλῇ τῇ ἐκείνου πράξοντες, πολὺ κρεῖττον ἡγεῖται πρίν τι νεώτερον ἐξ αὐτοῦ 

μ Ἢ τῇ ρ ; p ἡγεῖ ρ νεώτερον ἐξ αὐτοῦ 
, x > o - a a > / 3 Ν 
γενέσθαι προλαβὼν ἀνελεῖν τοῦ μεταβολῆς γενομένης εἰς πράγματα ἐμπεσὼν 
aA Ν ε ἂν, ε ’,ὔ ae ’ὔ Q 7 - Ν lal ‘ 
μετανοεῖν. καὶ ὃ μὲν ὑποψίᾳ τῇ Ἡρώδου δέσμιος εἰς τὸν Μαχαιροῦντα πεμφθεὶς 
τὸ προειρημένον φρούριον ταύτῃ κτίννυται. τοῖς δὲ Ἰουδαίοις δόξα ἦν ἐπὶ ί 
ροειρημένον φρούρ ῃ ἦν ἐπὶ τιμωρίᾳ 
“- 9 ’ Ν ΕΣ 5 Ν “ , , “ A“ ἴω ε , 

τῇ ἐκείνου τὸν ὄλεθρον ἐπὶ τῷ στρατεύματι γενέσθαι τοῦ θεοῦ κακῶσαι Hpddyv 


θέλοντος. 


II. JUDEAN MINISTRY. 
(Spring-Winter 26/27) 
1. Order of Events. 
1) Testimony of John and the First Disciples (Jn. i. 19-51). 
2) First Messianic Sign (Water—Wine) at Cana (Jn. 11. I-11). 
3) Sojourn at Capernaum (Jn. 11. 12). 
4) Cleansing the Temple. First, Passover. (Jn. 11. 13-25). 
5) Conversation with Nicodemus (Jn. 111. I-21). 
6) Ministry of Baptism in Judea and Testimony of John (Jn. iii. 22-36). 
7) Withdrawal from Judea and Ministry in Samaria. Four months 
before harvest. (Jn. iv. 1-42). 
8) Second Messianic Sign (Nobleman’s son) in Cana (Jn. iv. 43-54). 


2. Characteristics. Self-revelation of Jesus as Messiah. Testi- 
mony of John (the nature and dignity of the Messiah; atoning 
character of His work). Jesus idea of His work—in action 
and teaching; its Messianic character; a suffering Messiah; a 
spiritual kingdom; its universality. Jesus’ method. Relation 
to Syn. Gospels. 


III. GALILEAN MINISTRY. 
(Winter 26/27-Autumn 28/29) 
9. 


First Pertop (Winter 26/27-Spring 27/28). 
1. Order of Events. 
1) Preaching in Galilee (Mk. i. 14; Lk. iv. 14-15). 
2) First Rejection at Nazareth (Lk. iv. 16-30; cf. Matt. iv. 13). 
3) Removal to Capernaum (Matt. iv. 13-16; Lk. iv. 315). 
4) Call of. Four Disciples (Matt. iv. 18-22; Mk. i. 16-20; Lk. v. 1-11). 
5) Sabbath in Capernaum. Teaching and Healing (Matt. viii. 14-17; 
Mk, i, 21-34; Lk: iv: 31°-41). 
6) Tour in Galilee (Matt. iv. 23; Mk. i. 35-39; Lk. iv. 42-44). 
7) Cleansing a Leper (Matt. viii. 1-4; Mk. i. 40-45; Lk. v. 12-16). 


gus 


GALILEAN MINISTRY 51 


8) Return to Capernaum. Healing a Paralytic (Matt. ix. 1-8; Mk. 
ii. 1-12; Lk. v. 17-26). 

9) Call of Levi-Matthew (Matt. ix. 9; Mk. 11. 13-14; Lk. v. 27-28). 

Harmony. 1) Rejection at Nazareth (Lk. iv. 16-30; cf. Matt. 

Si, 64-585. Mk. vi. 1-6°).. 2)-Catch of Fish: (Lk. -v.. 1-11). 

3) Levi’s Feast (Matt. ix. 18). 

Literary Relation of Synoptists. 

Relation of Synoptists and Fourth Gospel. 

Characteristics. Preaching (message of the Messianic king- 

dom) and healing. Jesus’ relation to forgiveness of sins. 

Character and significance of miracles—possession. Rejection 

in Nazareth and universalism. Attitude toward Sabbath. Be- 

ginnings of opposition and organization. 


SECOND PErtop (Spring 27/28-Spring 28/29). 

Order of Events. 

1) Healing man at Bethesda on Sabbath. Second Passover (Jn.v.1-47). 

2) Cornfields on Sabbath (Matt. xii. 1-8; Mk. ii. 23-28; Lk. vi. 1-5). 

3) Healing Withered Hand on Sabbath (Matt. xii. 9-13; Mk. iti. 1-5; 
Lk. vi. 6-10). 

4) Official Hostility and Popular Enthusiasm (Matt. xiii. 14-21; Mk. 
0-823 sky. ΤΥ}. 

5) Choosing the Twelve (Mk. iii. 13-19; Lk. vi. 12-19; cf. Matt. x. 
2-4. 

6) Sermon on the Mount (Matt. v. 1I-viii. 1; Lk. vi. 20-49). 

7) Centurion’s Servant in Capernaum (Matt. viii. 5-13; Lk. vii. I-10). 

8) Widow of Nain’s Son (Lk. vii. 11-17). 

9) Message of John the Baptist (Matt. xi. 2-19; Lk. vii. 18-35). 

10). Jesus anointed in the House of Simon the Pharisee (Lk. vii. 36-50). 

11) Tour in Galilee (Lk. viii. 1-3). ν᾽ 

12) Healing Demoniac—Pharisees demand Sign (Matt. xii. 22-45; Mk. 
iii, 20-30; Lk. xi. 14-26, 29-36). 

12) Jesus’ Family seek Him (Matt. xii. 46-50; Mk. iii. 31-35; Lk. viii. 
19-21; ci. xi. 27-28). 

13) Jesus dines with a Pharisee (Lk. xi. 37-54). 

14) Teaching (Lk. xii. 1-59). 

15) Slaughter of Galileans (Lk. xiii. 1-5). 

16) Parables (Matt. xiii. 1-53; Mk. iv. 1-34; Lk. viii. 4-18; xiii. 18-21). 

17) Three Inquirers (Matt. viii. 16-22; Lk. ix. 57-62). 

18) Storm on Lake (Matt. viii. 23-27; Mk. iv. 35-41; Lk. viii. 22-25). 

19) Gadarene Demoniacs (Matt. viii. 28-ix. 1; Mk. v. 1-21; Lk. viii. 
26-40). 

20) Levi’s Feast and Jesus’ Discourse (Matt. ix. 10-17; Mk. ii. 15-22; 
Lk. v. 29-39) . 


ἐπ 


bo 


το 


oni 


28) 
20) 


30) 


LIFE OF JESUS 


Jesus heals Woman and raises Jairus’ Daughter (Matt. ix. 18- 205 

Mk. v. 22-43; Lk. viii. 41-56). 

Healing Two Blind Men and a Dumb Demoniac (Matt. ix. 27-34). 

Second Rejection at Nazareth (Matt. xiii. 54-58; Mk. vi. 1-6*). 

Mission of the Twelve (Matt. ix. 35-38; x. I-xi. 1; Mk. vi. 6°-13; 

Lk. ix. 1-6). 

Herod inquires about Jesus (Matt. xiv. 1-12; Mk. vi. 14-29; Lk. 
7-9). 

eas of the Tw τ: and Feeding 5000. Third Passover (Matt. xiv. 

13-21; Mk. vi. 30-44; Lk. ix. 10-17; Jn. vi. 1-14). 

Jesus walks on the Water (Matt. xiv. 22-33; Mk. vi. 45-52; 

Jn. vi. 15-21). 

From Gennesaret to Capernaum (Matt. xiv. 34-36; Mk. vi. 53-56). 

Discourse on Bread of Life in Capernaum and Peter’s Confession 

(Jn. vi. 22-71). 

Jesus attacks Pharisaic Traditions (Matt. xv. 1-20; Mk. vii. 1-23). 


Sabbath Controversy. Feast of Jn. v. Bethesda. Opposition 
in Jerusalem and Jesus’ discourse. Opposition in Galilee. Sab- 
bath regulations. Abiathar, Mk. 11. 26. 

Organization. The Apostles. 

Sermon on the Mount. Literary relation of Matt. Lk. Teach- 
ing; form and chief ideas. 

Centurion’s Servant. Literary relations of Matt. Lk. 

Message of John the Baptist and Jesus’ answer. 

Jesus anointed in the house of Simon the Pharisee. cf. Matt. 
xxvi. 6-13; Mk. xiv. 3-9; Jn. xii. 1-8. Jesus’ forgiveness of 
sins. 

Pharisees Demand a Sign. Messianic Implications. Sign of 
the Passion. 

Parables. 


τὴ 


Introduction: Form; veiling the truth; judicial quality; 
historical significance ; mystery of the Kingdom ( Messiah- 
ship and passion; spiritual character and significance) ; 
Jesus’ purpose; eschatological element; truth as revealed ; 
genuineness ; interpretation as allegories. 

Jiilicher’s View: Criticism of purpose; porosis in Mk. 
iv. 12; also in Matt. Lk. Jn.; Markan theory of unitary 
purpose ; criticism of Weizsacker and Pfleiderer ; origin in 
conscious reflection of Mk. cf. Paul; Markan Jesus vs. 
Jesus—of Jiilicher (Galilean springtime, clouds of opposi- 
tion, overwhelming storm) ; effect interpreted as purpose 


GALILEAN MINISTRY ᾿ 53 


under dogmatic conception of Jesus; divergent tradition 
Mk. iv. 33; xii. 12; vii. 14-23f. i 

3) Criticism of Jiilicher’s View: subjective standard; early 
origin of Mk; nature of parable; purpose double; relation 
to hearers; inadequate account of origin; meaning of 
porosis ; relation of Jesus’ teaching to His work as Saviour. 

4) Nature of the Parable: Classical usage; O. T.; compari- 
son;. different kinds in N. T.—a) proverbial saying. Ὁ) 
parable proper. c) illustrative example. d) allegory; in- 
terpretation; parable and other forms—simile, metaphor, 
allegory, fable; originality of Jesus—Graeco-Roman, O. 
T., Jewish parables. : 

5) Teaching of the Parables: Theme—Kingdom of God; its 
nature, origin, growth, supernatural and_ eschatological 
elements. 

§ 48. Schoettgenii Horae Hebraicae, 1733, pp. 1129f:—‘Erant alicui tres 
amici, ex quibus duos amabat, tertium vero non admodum colebat. Aliquando 
Rex illum vocari jubet, qua re perterritus de Advocato sollicitus est. Ad 
primum ergo, quem optimum habebat, accedens repulsam ab eodem passus est 
utpote qui ne cum ipso ire quidem voluit. Alter id responsi dedit, se quidem 
usque ad portam palatii regii iturum, sed verba pro ipso facere non posse. 
Tertius vero, quem minoris aestimaverat, cum ipso coram Rege adparuit, 
proque ipso tam bene verba fecit, ut ipsum omni culpa liberaret. Eodem modo 
homo quilibet tres amicos habet. Quum a judice Deo per mortem citatur, 
primus, quem optimum habet, pecunia scilicet, ipsum ne quidem comitatur. 
Alter amicus, propinqui scilicet et»cognati, ad sepulchrum usque cum ipso 
vadit, deinde domum redit, ipsumque judicio liberare non potest. Tertius 
vero, qui apud ipsum exiguo pretio erat, Lex scilicet et opera bona, cum ipso 
ad Regem abeunt, eumque a judicio liberant.” 


10. Jesus at Gerasa (Khersa). Storm on Lake. Textual variants. 
Location. Literary Relations. Destruction of the swine. 
Strauss’ criticism. 

11. Levi's Feast. Jesus’ Discourse (Reference to Passion, Mk. 
ii. 20). A Woman. Jairus’ Daughter. Literary Relations. 

12. Healing Two Blind Men and Dumb Demoniac (Matt. 1x. 27- 
34). Suggested Parallels, Matt. xx. 29-34 (Mk. x. 46-52; 
Lk. xviii. 35-43) ; Mk. xti. 22-24; Lk. xi. 14-15; cf. Matt. xii. 
22. Significance of title “Son of David”. 

13. Second Rejection at Nazareth. Harmony. Brethren and Sis- 
ters of Jesus; Views—a) Helvidian. Ὁ) Hieronymian. c) 
Epiphanian. 


qb 


LIFE OF JESUS 


Mission of the Twelve. Instructions. Relation of Synoptics. 
Eschatological elements. 

Herod. Death of John the Baptist. 

Feeding of 5000. Relation to Feeding of 4000. Significance of 
parallel in Fourth Gospel. Strauss’ criticism of the miracle. 
Weizsacker’s view. Eschatological interpretation. 

Discourse in Capernaum and Peter’s Confession. Third Pass- 
over. Attack on Pharasaic Traditions. Galilean Crisis. 


Tuirp Pertop (Spring 28/29-Autumn 28/29). 

Order of Events. 

1) Syrophoenician (Matt. xv. 21-28; Mk. vii. 24-30). 

2) Return to Galilee. Healing a Deaf and Dumb Man—Decapolis 
(Mk, vii. 31-37). 

3) Feeding 4ooo (Matt. xv. 29-38; Mk. vili. 1-9). 

4) Pharisees and Sadducees demand Sign. Jesus’ Warning (Matt. 
XV. 39-xvi. 12; Mk. viii. 10-21). 

5) Healing a Blind Man in Bethsaida (Mk. viii. 22-26). 

6) Caesarea Philippi (Matt. xvi. 13-28; Mk. viii. 27-ix.1; Lk. ix. 18-27). 

7) Transfiguration (Matt. xvii. 1-13; Mk. ix. 2-13; Lk. ix. 28-36). 

8) Healing a Demoniac Boy (Matt. xvii. 14-23; Mk. ix. 14-32; Lk. 
ix. 37-45). 

9) Tribute Money in Capernaum (Matt. xvii. 24-27; Mk. ix. 33). 

10) Preéminence and Humility (Matt. xviii. 1-35; Mk. ix. 33-50; Lk. 
ix. 46-50). 

Northern Ministry. Characteristics. Work in Phoenicia. 

Return to Galilee. 

Caesarea Philippi. Confession of Peter. Jesus’ Promise. An- 

nouncement of Passion. Significance of Jesus’ Person. Com- 

mands to Silence and Messiah-secret (Wrede). Eschatological 

Interpretation (Schweitzer). 

Transfiguration. Time. Significance. Passion Idea. Elijah 

and John the Baptist. 

Jesus in Capernaum. Tribute Money. Teaching. 


IV. PEREAN MINISTRY. 
(Autumn 28/29-Spring 29/30) 


Order of Events. 

1) Departure from Galilee. Incident in Samaria (Lk. ix. 51-56; cf. 
Matt. xix. 173 Mk. x. 1°). 

2) Mission of the Seventy (Lk. x. 1-16; cf. Matt. xi. 20-24). 

3) Jesus in Jerusalem. Tabernacles (Jn. vii. 2-vili. 59). 

4) Return of the Seventy (Lk. x. 17-24; cf. Matt. xi. 25-30). 


2 
3: 
4. 
5 


PEREAN MINISTRY 


un 
un 


5) Parable of the Good Samaritan (Lk. x. 25-37). 
6) Jesus in Home of Martha and Mary. Bethany (Lk. x. 38-42). 
7) lLord’s Prayer (Lk. xi. 1-13; cf. Matt. vi. 9-13). 
8) Jesus in Jerusalem. Dedication (Jn. ix. I-x. 42). 
9) Ministry in Perea (Jn. x. 40-42; cf. Matt. xix. 1°-2; Mk. x. 1°). 
10) Parable of the Barren Fig Tree (Lk. xiii. 10-17). 
11) Healing on Sabbath, Teaching and Journeying toward Jerusalem 
(Lk, xiii. 10-35). 
12) Jesus dines with a Pharisee and heals a man on Sabbath. Parable 
of Wedding Feast (Lk. xiv. 1-24). 
13) Teaching concerning Discipleship (Lk. xiv. 25-35). 
14) Parables (Lk. xv. 1-xvi. 31; cf. Matt. xviii. 12-15). 
15) Teaching concerning Faith and Humility (Lk. xvii. 1-10). 
16) Healing Ten Lepers (Lk. xvii. 11-19). 
17) Teaching concerning Suddenness of Advent (Lk. xvii. 20-37). 
18) Parables (Lk. xviii. I-14). 
19) Raising of Lazarus (Jn. xi. 1-46). 
20) Counsel of Caiaphas. Jesus retires to Ephraim (Jn. xi. 47-54). 
21) Teaching coneerning Divorce (Matt. xix. 3-12; Mk. x. 2-12). 
22) Jesus and Little Children (Matt. xix. 13-15; Mk. x. 13-16; Lk. 
XVill, 15-17). 
23) Jesus and Rich Young Ruler (Matt. xix. 16-30; Mk. x. 17-31; Lk. 
Xviii. 18-30). 
24) Parable of Laborers in Vineyard (Matt. xx. 1-16). 
25) Jesus announces His Passion (Matt. xx. 17-19; Mk. x. 32-34; 
Lk. xviii. 31-34). 
26) Request of James and John (Matt. xx. 20-28; Mk. x. 35-45). 
27) Healing Two Blind Men near Jericho (Matt. xx. 29-34; Mk. x. 
46-52; Lk. xviii. 35-43). 
28) Conversion of Zacchaeus (Lk. xix. I-10). 
29) Parable of the Pounds (Lk. xix. 11-28). 
30) Arrival at Bethany six Days before Passover (Jn. xi. 55-xii. 1). 
Lukan and Johannine Traditions. 
Teaching. Lukan Parables and Johannine Discourses. 
Resurrection of Lazarus and Conditions in Jerusalem. 
Characteristics. 
V. JERUSALEM MINISTRY (PASSION). 
(Spring 29/30). 
Order of Events. 
SaTuRDAY, NISAN 9. 
1) Supper and Anointing in Bethany (Matt. xxvi. 6-13; Mk. xiv. 3-9; 
Jn. xii. 2-11). 
SunpAy, NISAN Io. 
2) Triumphal Entry (Matt. xxi. 1-11; Mk. xi. 1-11; Lk. xix. 24-44; 


Jn. xii, 12-19). 


Θεοῦ 


7) 


8) 


9) 


10). 


11) 
12) 
13) 


14) 


15) 


BS2555.4 .A73 
— κοΐ use in connection with 


1111}. 


1 1012 00049 — 





g 7 
Mk, xi. 12-19; Lk. xix. 45-48; xxi. poet 

Tuespay, NISAN 12. 
Lesson of the Fig Tree (Matt. xxi. 20-22; Mk. xi. 20-25). 
Teaching in the Temple (Matt. xxi. 23-xxiii. 39; Mk. xi. 27-xii. 443 
Lk. xx. I-xxi. 4; Jn. xii. 20-50). 
Eschatological Discourse (Matt. xxiv. 1-xxv. 46; Mk. xili. 1-37; 
Lk. xxi. 4-38). 

WEDNESDAY, NISAN 12. 

Conspiracy of Rulers and Treachery of Judas (Matt. xxvi. 1-5, 
14-16; Mk. xiv. 1-2, 10-11; Lk. xxii. 1-6). 

THursDAY, NISAN 14. 

Preparation for Passover (Matt. xxvi. 17-19; Mk. xiv. 12-16; 
ἘΠῸ σεχῖν 7-13), 

Fripay, NISAN 15. 

Last Passover (Matt. xxvi. 20-35; Mk. xiv. 17-31; Lk. xxii. 14-38; 
Jn. xiii. I-xvii. 26). 

Gethsemane (Matt. xxvi. 36-46; Mk. xiv. 32: 42; Lk. xxii. 39-46; 
πι συ τ τὸ- 

Arrest (Matt. xxvi. 47-56; Mk. xiv. 43-52; Lk. xxii. 47-53; Jn. 
XViil. 2-12). 

Trial before Annas and Caiaphas (Matt. xxvi. 57-xxvii. 1; Mk. 
xiv. 53-xv. τὸ; Lk. xxii. 54-71; Jn. xviii. 13-27). 

Trial before Pilate and Herod (Matt. xxvii. 2-30; Mk. xv. 1°-19; 
Lk. xxiii. 1-25; Jn. xviii. 28-xix. 16°). 

Crucifixion and Burial (Matt. xxvii. 31-66; Mk. xv. 20-47; Lk. 
xXxili. 26-56; Jn. xix. 16°-42). 

SunpDAY, NISAN 17, AND LATER. . 
Resurrection and Appearances (Matt. xviii. 1-20; Mk. xvi. 1-8; 
Lk. xxiv. I-40; Jn. xx. T-mxi. 25; οἴ τ ‘Cor κυ 4:5; Acts ae 

AFTER 40 Days. 


16) Ascension (Lk. xxiv. 50-53; cf. Acts i. Q-IT). 
Jerusalem Crisis and Teaching. 

The Lord’s Supper. 

Trial of Jesus. 

Completion of Jesus’ Work. 

Review and Summary. , 











ν᾿ 
; att 
‘ 
᾿ ᾿ 
5 ᾿ ὸ ᾿ 
. 
r 
, , : 
>| : 
ὶ 
᾿ ‘ ᾿ 
ὶ " ra 
sit Ay 4 ἀνὰ 
- . i! / 4a * ΐ 
> ᾽ ' Ἃ 
ΟΣ εν ty . , 
- ῃ rh - 
f é 
' . 
: 2 
4 ; ’ } ¥ Ὰ 
5 
᾿ ᾽ 
ι- ¥ 7 
δ » 
᾿ ͵ 7 
P ‘ 
Ἢ . 
δ ; . hee wiih, aay 
. 
. “ 











